This is downloadable complete project material on Impacts Of Card Reader Machine In The 2015 General Election In Nigeria from chapter one to five
CHAPTER ONE
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INTRODUCTION
1.0Background of the Study
Election is the process of choosing a candidate for public office. Election is a critical component of any democratic society. As such, Nigeria’s returned to democratic rule and engagement with the democratic process led to the conduct of its general elections in 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2015. General elections are elections conducted in the federation at large for federal and state elective positions (The Electoral Institute, 2015).
The 2015 general election appears to be the most keenly contested in the history of elections in Kaduna South, it was the first time about four major opposition parties came together to form a very strong party, All Progressive Congress (APC) in order to challenge the dominance of the ruling party, Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in the polity.
Kaduna south 2015 general election was the fifth in a row since the military left the political scene in 1999. The conduct of the 2015 general elections was far better than the previous elections held in 1999, 2003, 2007 and 2011.
The former Chairman of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), Prof. Attahiru Jega showed that he was neither a supporter nor a subordinate to Nigeria’s political elites. Under his leadership, he adopted the use of Permanent Voter Card (PVC) and Card Readers machine in order to reduce electoral malpractices. During the general elections in 2015, the card readers were used to accredit voters in Kaduna South was successfully.
The use of card readers at the 2015 general election in Kaduna South has infused some level of transparency and credibility into the electoral process (Okonji, 2015). The card reader machine is a technological device setup to authenticate and verify on election day a Permanent Voter Card (PVC) issued by INEC. The device uses a cryptographic technology that has ultra-low power consumption, with a single core frequency of 1.2GHz and an Android 4.2.2.
Operating System (INEC, 2015). In other words, the INEC card reader machine is designed to read information contained in the embedded chip of the permanent voter’s card issued by INEC to verify the authenticity of the Permanent Voter’s Card (PVC) and also carry out a verification of the intending voter by matching the biometrics obtained from the voter on the spot with the ones stored on the PVC (Engineering Network Team, 2015).
The ability of the card reader to perform the above described functions as well as keeping a tally of the total numbers of voters accredited at the polling unit and forwarding the information to a central database server over a Global System for Mobile (GSM) network makes the card reader most welcome at this point in time in the nation’s electoral history (Engineering Network Team, 2015). Card reader also helps in maintaining credible electoral system.
However, despite the confidence of INEC in the use of card reader in the 2015 general elections in Kaduna, the machines came with some challenges, even though the elections have been widely adjudged as being successful. For instance, the card readers malfunctioned in several polling units, a situation that caused undue delay in the accreditation process.
It, however, worked perfectly in other polling units. The challenges ranged from rejection of permanent voter’s card (PVC) by the card readers Machine, inability to capture the biometrics from finger tips, to irregular capturing and fast battery drainage. INEC officials have to abandon their polling units and took the card readers back to their office for proper configuration. In order to salvage the situation, which was almost becoming frustrating, INEC ordered the use of manual process for accreditation; it was already late to conduct accreditation and actual voting in some areas, a situation that forced INEC to extend the exercise to the next day in all affected areas.
Therefore, this study seeks to examine the impact of card reader machine in the 2015 general election in Kaduna south Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
1.1 Statement of Research Problem
Elections in Nigeria right from the early years of independence were characterized by electoral malpractice and this undermine the democratic practice. In an attempt to bring about free and fair election card reader machine was introduced in 2015. General election therefore, this study attempt to assess the impact of card reader machine in 2015 general election in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The following are the objectives of this study:
1. To examine the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) application of card reader machine in the 2015 general election in Kaduna South Local Government.
2. To examine reasons why card reader machine was introduced in the conduct of 2015 general election in Kaduna South Local Government.
3. To examine the impact of card reader machine in the outcome of 2015 general election in Kaduna South Local Government.
4. To examine the challenges of card reader machine in the conduct of 2015 general election in Kaduna South Local Government.
1.3 Research Questions
1. Why did Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) introduce card reader machine in the conduct of 2015 general election in Kaduna South Local Government?
2. What were the challenges of card reader in conductof 2015 general elections in Kaduna South?
3. How was the card reader machine applied in the 2015 general election in Kaduna South Local Government Area?
4. What was the impact of card reader in conduct of 2015 general elections in Kaduna South?
1.4 Proposition/Assumption
1. The application of Card reader machine did little to stop electoral malpractices in Kaduna South.
2. The application of card reader machine did not so much improve quality of representation in Kaduna South constituency after the general elections
3. The high level of electoral malpractices was the major reason behind the introduction of card reader machine in the 2015 general election in Kaduna South Local Government Area.
1.5 Justifications/Significance
This study is significant because it will examine and identify the reasons for the application of card reader machine and as well as the challenges encountered during the application of card reader machine in the 2015 general election in Kaduna South Local Government. The study will also make or serve as a contribution to knowledge in that, it is hope that the finding of this study will add to stock of data on a subject matter.
Study will assist policy makers in formulating policies that will curb the menace of the electoral frauds in forth coming elections.
The outcome of the study will educate the general public on the benefit of card reader machine. This research will serve as a source base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied will go to an extend to provide new explanation to the topic.
1.6 Scope/Limitations of the Study
This study is on the impact of card reading machine in the conduct of the 2015 general election in Kaduna South; it cover the processes involved in the conduct of 2015 general election with special focus on the influence of the card reader machine on the outcome of the 2015 general election in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State. However, the following are the limitations;
This study is also concern with the independent National Electrical Commission (INEC) application of card reader machine the 2015 general election in other to reduce the massive electoral malpractices witnessed in the past general election in Nigeria and also to ensure a credible transparent, free and fair election in other to deepen electoral democracy in Kaduna South Local Government Area and Nigeria at large.
This study will also attempt to look at the challenges encountered in the application of card reader machine in the conduct of general election in Kaduna South Local Government.
1.8 Research Methodology
The method followed in this study is the use of primary and secondary data, for the primary source of data will be acquired through the administration of questionnaires and interview methods. A total number of one hundred twenty questionnaires will be administered and a systematic random sampling of selection will be used.
Secondary source of data shall depend on sourcing materials from the internet, INEC reports, textbooks, journals, newspapers and public information, data collected from the secondary source will be used introducing the research study, the review of the literature analysis and theoretical framework.
1.9 Chapterization
The entire research work will run into five chapters. The chapter one is on Introduction, statement of research problem, objectives of the study, research questions, assumption/ preposition and justification/significance It also includes methodology, scope/limitations of the study and references. Chapter Two will contain literature reviews and theoretical framework. Chapter Three is meant for background of the study. Chapter four will examine Data collection, presentation and analysis. Chapter five comprises of the following; Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations and references.
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