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Download complete project material on Economics Crimes And National Security: Challenges For Nigeria
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Declaration
Certification
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Content
List of Tables
List Abbreviations
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: General Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Research Questions –
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Research Assumptions
1.7 Scope of the Study
1.8 Limitation of the Study
1.9 Methodology
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review and Theoretical Framework
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Nature of Crime
2.3 The Concept of Economic Crime
2.4 Concept of National Security
2.5 Relationship between Economic Crimes and National Security
2.6 Theoretical Framework
CHAPTER THREE: Economic Crimes and National Security in Nigeria
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fraud
3.3 Illicit Drug Trafficking
3.4 Implication of Economic Crimes on National Security-
3.5 A Framework for Understanding Economic Crime – National Security Linkages in Nigeria
CHAPTER FOUR: Challenges and Strategies of Combating Economic Crimes
4.1 Nigeria’s Efforts At Combating Economic Crimes
4.2 Challenges Of Anti-Corruption Agencies In Combating Crimes
4.3 Strategies For Combating Economic Crimes
CHAPTER FIVE: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
Bibliography
ABSTRACT
The research is titled economic crime and national security: challenges for Nigeria. Increase in economic crimes have also taunted Nigeria’s image in international relations. This has led to the blacklisting of Nigeria by the USA for not doing enough to curb the involvement of Nigerians in economic crimes. In July 2002 for instance, Nigeria was decertified and Americans were advised ‘to be wary of transacting business with Nigerians’. The objectives of the study are establishing the relationship between economic crimes and national security and to examine the effect of economic crimes on national security. The method of data collection used for this study is secondary source of data. It was found that some challenges facing Nigeria’s efforts to combat economic crimes will be subsequently discussed.
These challenges include lack of political will, lose of societal values, provision of immunity clause by the Nigerian constitution, legal impediments and loopholes in the judicial system among others are lack of political will, lose of societal values, provision of the immunity clause, legal impediments and Loopholes in the Judicial System.
It was recommended that government award punishment to convicted persons according to the rule of law without favour or compromise and impose harsh penalties of up to 20 years to life imprisonment for economic crimes
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The phenomenon of crime has been in existence since time immemorial. From the time Adam disobeyed God in the Garden of Eden to the modern highly complex crime networks, the human society has never been devoid of criminal activities. Human nature is inflexible and hence crime, which is a product of human existence, has remained irrespective of space, time or age. Nevertheless differences do exist in the practices prevalent in various cultures and societies.
Ribadu (2004) stated that all these crimes continued in the system inspite of Government’s efforts to address them, because many people in power want the old dispensation to continue. He reiterated that there are those whose lives thrive on corruption, while there are those even though they are paid to check the activities of the culprits, yet are willing to share in the proceeds with the event that they themselves become culprits.
Waziri (2009) stated that corruption afflicts virtually all parts of the Nigerian society. It has eaten deep into Nigeria value system and is now threatening to spread to the culture as public adulation for wealth has increased. The society no longer asks questions as to how people came by their questionable wealth. In its 2004 report on worldwide corrupt practices, transparency International survey covered 146 countries, which rated Nigeria as the third most corrupt country, beating Haiti and Bangladesh to the second and last positions respectively.
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The focus of the Transparency International 2004 report was more on the oil sector as a revenue source for most oil producing countries. According to Owolabi (2007) Peter Eigen, chairman of Transparency International Board of Directors observed in 2004 that in oil producing countries, public contracting in the oil sector is plagued by revenue vanishing into the pockets of western oil executives, middlemen and local officials.
He suggested that oil companies could help fight corruption by making public details of payments made to government and state-controlled oil firms. That access to vital information will minimize the opportunity for the payment of kickbacks to secure oil tenders, a practice that has blighted the oil industry in transition and post war economies.
That Eigen said further that reconstruction will be wrecked by a wasteful diversion of resources to corrupt elites unless there are strict anti-bribery measures.
The long years of military rule had entrenched corruption in Nigeria; almost becoming institutionalized. Corruption reached its zenith during the reign of General Abacha who was acknowledged to have stolen between 4 and 5billion USD between 1994 and 1998, surpassing all records of state thieving within such a short period.
Law and order collapsed and the rule of law took a back seat in the face of tyranny, despotism and impunity. All law enforcement and other watchdog institutions were so compromised that they now served the needs of the corrupt than those of the society they were set up for (Akomaye, 2007). Nigeria was assessed by many risk rating agencies as too risky a jurisdiction for quality investment.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) took flight inspite of ceaseless flow of petrodollars, the economy plummeted, witnessing double digit inflation and poverty became pervasive particularly in the Niger Delta giving rise to crises that severally threatened state security.
Akomaye (2007) reiterated bold steps taken to address the problem like the expression of strong political will at the highest level. President Umaru Musa Yar‟Adua and his vice president publicly declared their assets upon assumption of office. That anti-corruption programme must not be approached in an ad hoc manner but addressed as part of a national economic reform programme.
This was addressed under its National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS).Appropriate legislation was enacted to criminalize all corrupt conducts including unjust enrichment, provision for interim restraints, forfeiture of tainted property, special or designated courts/judges were instituted to expeditiously try corrupt cases. Key institutions like Independence Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC), Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) were established to fight corruption.
Alobo, (2006) there are varying classifications and categories of crime. The FBI classifies crimes into violent, property and economic crimes. Violent crimes include murder and homicide (voluntary manslaughter), forcible rape, aggravated assault, and robbery while property crimes include burglary, arson, larceny, and motor vehicle theft. Economic crimes on the other hand include the embezzlement of public funds, currency trafficking and money laundering. Other categories of economic crimes include tax evasion, AFF and all such illegal acts that may have a damaging effect on the economy of the host country.
Since the end of the Cold War, many countries have witnessed great advancement in science and technology. This advancement in technology brought about a revolution in ICT. With the world now globalized, the ICT revolution in the Twentieth Century literally removed the barriers of time and space, thus increasing political and economic interactions among nations.
This development ushered in abundant opportunities in the areas of tourism, culture and economic interaction among many countries. This resulted in the free and fast movement of people, information, goods and money across international borders. Thus with ICT, huge funds could be transferred across the globe electronically within a very short time (Robinson, 2005).
The effect of economic crimes is worse in African countries due to their weak economic structures, corruption, high rates of unemployment, mass poverty and poor wealth distribution. These are pre-requisites to the thriving of economic crimes. When the youths are unemployed and poverty threatens their very existence, they become prone to anything that guarantees their survival. Thus in most cases, Internet scam, AFF and drug trafficking become their most viable options. Similarly, when corruption has eaten into the fabric of a nation, economic crimes like embezzlement of public funds, money laundering, tax evasion and currency trafficking become the order of the day.
In Nigeria, the menace of economic crimes has been on the increase. A lucrative stock market, a well capitalized banking sector and a weak financial regulatory mechanism provide the suitable platform for economic crimes to flourish.
Similarly, the lack of stringent policies on corruption has encouraged a lot of politicians and government officials to embezzle public funds without fear of ramifications. Several politicians and government officials have been indicted for embezzlement of public funds within the last decade.
Additionally, illegal oil bunkering and pipeline vandalism are reported on regular basis leading to reduction in crude oil output. Furthermore, incidences of AFF and internet scam have persisted in the last decade. These illegal economic activities have impacted negatively on the Nigerian economy and her international image.
One of the cumulative effects this has on Nigeria is the reduction in FDI and disruption of economic development. These have had a direct impact on Nigeria’s national security.
According to Mukhtar, (2007) threats to Nigeria’s national security include border conflicts, bad governance, ethnic conflicts, militancy, underdevelopment and corruption such as economic and financial crimes. Thus, the rate of economic crime imposes real threats to the national security of the country.
The fight against economic crime in not new in Nigeria, yet this phenomenon has continued to spread its tentacles across every sector of the economy. Though economic crimes cannot be completely eradicated from the society, its frequency can be greatly reduced through organized planning and calculated measures.
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