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CHAPTER ONE
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INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Information technology is an enormously vibrant field that emerged at the end of the last century as our society experienced a fundamental change from an industrial society to an “information society.” From its inception just half a century ago, computing has become the defining technology of our age, changing how we live and work.
Computers are integral to modern culture and are a primary engine behind much of the world’s economic and social change.
Information Technology has made a direct and positive impact on corporate decision making. Companies have found uses for Information Technology systems as they have developed and become readily available as well as viable. More specifically, firms have found applications of Information Technology for their enterprise decision making requirements.
As with any Information Technology system, the users and managers hope to find a fruitful use of the resource. There are many examples of Information Technology systems that successfully support decision making in the corporate arena in which computer system including different applications is an example as without the applications, computer system may be useless.
According to Wikipedia (2016), Information technology is the application of computers to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. Information Technology is considered a subset of information and communications technology.
In 2012, Zuppo proposed an Information Communication Technology hierarchy where each hierarchy level “contain some degree of commonality in that they are related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of information, decision making and various types of electronically mediated communications.
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Furthermore, Dictionary.Com (2016) sees Information Technology as the technology of the production, storage, and communication of information using computers and microelectronics. It further stress that the technology involved with the transmission and storage of information, especially the development, installation, implementation, and management of computer systems within organizations, companies, universities, and other organizations.
The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as Gadgets and telephones. Several industries are associated with information technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, engineering, healthcare, e-commerce and computer services to aid in the effective and efficient running of the day to day activities of such organizations.
On the other hand, Boundless (2015) sees decision making as the mental process of choosing from a set of alternatives. Every decision-making process produces an outcome that might be an action, a recommendation, or an opinion. Since doing nothing or remaining neutral is usually among the set of options one chooses from, selecting that course is also making a decision.
He further explained that since decisions are commonly focused on a problem or challenge. Decision makers must gather and consider data before making a choice which then involved the use of Information Technology tools so as to determine the degree of advantage from alternatives.
Association for Computing Machinery (2015) defined Information Technology in its broadest sense as all aspects of computing technology. IT, as an academic discipline, is concerned with issues related to advocating for users and meeting their needs within an organizational and societal context through the selection, creation, application, integration and administration of computing technologies.
Decision, generally, is finding the process through which a choice, a choice between two or more alternative courses of action available, in order to achieve a goal or more. The process of obtaining this conclusion or option is known as “decision-making process.”
According to the concept known American specialist and professor in management, Herbert Simon, developing managerial decision is synonymous with the entire management process. Thus, for effective decision making, management tends to use Information Technology in order to be able to make effective decision.(Lucian; 2015).
Statement of the Problem
Basically, despite the more impact and influence that Information Technology has on the overall running of organizational operation i.e. decision making activities, it is perceived that most organization are not making use of Information technology in decision making which leads to low productivity and inefficiency on the part of the office professionals.
Studies have showed that for office workers to be able to use the information technology packages. This therefore means that to the users of information technology packages, adequate training and retraining is needed in which most organization are lacking trained workers.
It is also observed that some managers of organizations are not aware of the importance and the role Information plays on decision making of the organization as some are not fully aware of the capability of the world of information technology.
Research also shows that without Information Technology to Analyzethe financial stands of an organization and to forecast the market and profits trend of such organization, the survival of such organization is not sure as the global world is fast changing from manual to electronic and computer based organization. It is these problems and many others that prompted the researchers to go into this study with the hope of proffering solutions at the end of this research work.
Purpose of the study
The main purpose of this study is to determine the influence of information technology in decision making. While the specific objectives include the following:
1. To determine the role of information technology on the decision making of an organization.
2. To highlight the various information technology packages that can be used in decision making in an organization.
3. To ascertain whether managers of organization are aware of the importance of information technology towards the organization decision making.
4. To identify the problems faced in an organization due to lack of information technology in decision making process.
Research Questions
In order to achieve the purpose of the study stated above, the following research questions are put forward;
1. What are the roles of information technology on the decision making of an organization?
2. What are the various information technology packages that can be used in decision making in an organization?
3. What is the importance of information technology on organizational decision making?
4. What are the problems faced in an organization due to lack of information technology in decision making process?
Significance of the Study
This study will be beneficial to the following people/groups of people.
Staff and Management of an organization: This work will benefit staff and management as the study explore ways by which information technology aid decision making. More so, this study will be beneficial to the entire organization as useful recommendation will be made and this would serve as an eye opener for the organization to put in place effective Information Technology tools and packages to allow effectiveness and efficiency.
Further Researchers: this work will also be of benefit to further researchers who have related subject matter Information technology as it affects decision making in an organization.
The Researchers: This work will also widen the knowledge of the researchers on the topic under study and serve as a prerequisite for the award of National Diploma in Office Technology and Management.
Office Professionals: This work will be beneficial to office professionals as useful recommendations will encourages them to go for more training and retraining so as to fit into the Information Technology world.
Scope of the Study
For the purpose of these research work, the scope of the study shall be limited to the influence of information technology on decision making in some selected organizations in Kaduna metropolis namely, National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control, (NAFDAC), Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria FRCN, National Emergency Management Agency, NEMA and Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research.
In order to cover the scope of the study, the research work shall be limited to topics such as the conceptual definitions, importance of information technology, types of information technology packages, and Information Technology courses that can be attended.
1.7 Limitation of the Study
The major limitation of this study is the limited time available to carry out this research. Another limitation factor is the tight schedule of the researcher’s programme which limit his ability to dedicate his total available time for conducting the research work. Another limitation is the inability of certain organization to release certain information that they classified as secrete as well as financial constraints.
Despite all these constraints, the researcher was able to gather enough information that enabled the successful completion of the study.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Communication: The exchange of feelings, emotions, works, information, among parties.
Employee: one employed by another for wages or salary. They are at the same time concerned with the survival of the business entity not necessarily because they love it so seeking their economic incomes and perhaps their psychic income elsewhere
Impact: the powerful effect that something has on somebody. The influence impression result and pressure.
Information: can be seen as a processed data. It can also be seen as fact that has gone through arithmetic and logical process and can be used for decision making.
Management: making the most effective use of available resource whether in form of machinery, money or people, the people responsible for the management of an organization i.e. for the directing, planning and running of its operations for the implementation of its policies and attainment of its objectives.
Organization/Company: a group of people brought together for the purpose of achieving certain objective.
Performance: It is process or manner of performing.
Technology: The purposeful application of Information in the design, production, and utilization of goods and services, and in the organization of human activities.
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