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CHAPTER ONE
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Candidiasis is a fungal infection due to any types of candida (a types of yeast) when it affects the mouth it is commonly called thrush. The sign and symptoms include white patches on the tongue or other area of the mouth and throat. Othersymptoms may include soreness, problems swallowing. when it affects the vagina, it commonly called a yeast infection [http;//www.cdc.gov/fugi/disease/candidiasis February 13, 2014]
Vaginal yeast infection are due to excessive growth of candida. These yeast are normally present in the vagina in the small number, it is not classified as asexual transmitted infection, however it may occur more often in those who are frequently sexually active. Risk factors include taking antibiotics, pregnancy, diabetes and HIV/AIDS and also eating habits of pregnant woman of sugar rich containing food (Monif 2001).
Taking a diet high in simple sugar may also play a role, tight clothing, type of under wear may also cause vaginal candidiasis, despite the lack of evidence, wearing cotton underwear and loss fitting clothing is often recommended as the preventive measure. Avoiding douching and scented hygiene product is also recommended. Diagnosis is by testing a sample of vaginal discharge. A symptoms are similar to that of the sexually transmitted infections, chlamydia and gonorrhea, tasting may be recommended (Sobel, 2007).
Treatment is with antifungal medication. This may be either as creams such as clotrimazole` or with oral medications such as fluconazole. Probiotic have not been found to be useful for active infection (Abad et al., 2009) about 75% of women have at least one vaginal yeast infection at some point in their lives while nearly half have atleast two.
About 5% have more than three infections in a single year. It is the second most common cause of vaginal inflammation afterbacterial vaginosis (Likit et al., 2009)
Candida species are part of the lower genital tract flora in 20-50% of healthy asymptomatic women, carrier rates are higher in women treated with broad spectrum antibiotic, pregnant women, diabetic women and women with HIV/AIDS (Akah et al., 2010).
Nelson et al., showed candida albicans as the most common vaginal candida species follow by candida glabrata causing vaginal candidiasis among pregnant woman. Candida species that rarely causes infection includes C. parapsilosis, C. pseudotropicalis, C. krusei, C. guilliermondi and C. stellaroidea (Nelson et al., 2013).Vaginal candidiasis is infection caused by over growth of candida species affecting genital tract as opportunistic pathogen.
Vaginal candidiasis[vc] is common types of vaginitis, agyneacological disorder with a white discharge, soreness, dysparareunia, irritation and itching (Jordan et al., 2007).
Candida infection in pregnancy do not usually harm the unborn child but causes great discomport to the mother, which increase discharge, redness,itching and burning sensation in the vulva area. Untreated vaginal infection can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease,a condition which can scar the fallopian tube causes infertility (Parveenet al.,2008) in pregnancy vaginal candidasis is common due to altered PH and sugar content in vaginal secretions.
Increase estrogen level during pregnancy produces moreglycogen in the vagina providing agood source of carbon needed for candida growth and germination, Causing it to grow faster and stick more easily with the wall of vagina. The incidence of candidiasis is almost double in pregnant women particularly in the third trimester compare to none pregnant women (Parveen et al., 2008 and Farnandez Limla et al., 2004).
Vulva vaginitis is one of the major causes of gynecologic consultation in the world, among them vagina candidiasis (vc) is considered as leading cause of vulvo vaginitis in mexico and central America (Casanova et al., 2007) it is estimated that 75% of women in their reproductive age have presented recurrent.
Vaginitis originating from pathogens is a common and serious health problem among women of child bearing age, Candida albican is among the common pathogens responsible for vaginitis especially in women of child bearing age, this organism may occur as single infection or as co-infections. candidiasis is associated with vaginal discharge and pruritis.
The discharge appears to be like curded milk and deeperythma of vulva and vagina is often seen (Khanet et al., 2009) the incidence of the infection is almost double in women particularly in the age of 21-30, compare to the woman in 31-40.
It always occurs in woman of age 50 above as a result or the decrease levels of hormones that reduce the vaginal defence, mechanism against such opportunistics infection as candida[Sobe1,1997] it has been estimated that up to 40% of woman world wild may have vaginal colonisation by candida species, a two fold increase from incident rate in women [hay and czeizei,2007], another 5%-10% of seemingly healthy woman suffer recurrent virginal candidiasis without any predisposing factors.
it is much common in pregnant woman than in healthy woman, more over alarge population of women with chronic recurrent candidiasis first present with the infection during pregnancy (tchell, 2004) in pregnant woman vaginal candidiasis has been related to emotional stress and suppression of immune system which step up the risk of candida species over growth and become pathogenic (Monif 2001).
1.1 AIM
To determine the incident rate of vaginal candidiasis among female patient attending Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital, Barau Dikko Specialist Hospital, Garkuwa Special Hospital and Al Madina Memorial Hospital Kaduna.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
– To carry out high vaginal swab (HVS) on woman of reproductive age attending selected hospitals.
– To isolate and identify candida albicans from swab samples.
– To determine the incidence rate of vaginal candidiasis among female patients.
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