Download complete Common Radiographic and Ultrasound Findings in Patients with Infertility chapter one to five with references and abstract
ABSTRACT
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Standardized and comprehensive hysterosal pingography and ultra-sonography has become an important tool in medical imaging approaches that constitute the mainstay of investigating female patients presenting with infertility.
A retrospective study was carried out to evaluate the common radiographic and ultrasound findings in female patients with infertility using hysterosal pingographic and ultrasound screening cases were conveniently selected from the records of hysterosal pingography and ultrasound examinations. Descriptive method of analysis was used to analyze the data.
The frequency of patients referred for ultrasound screening was significantly more than those referred for HSG screening (n=84 Vs n=24;p<0.05). Age group between 30 to34 years and 35 to 39years had the highest frequency of referral to ultrasound and HSG respectively.
The commonest reason for referral of patients with infertility for both ultrasound and HSG evaluation was secondary infertility. Uterine leiomyoma (38.6% n=68) and tubal blockage(24.8% n=34) were the ultrasound and HSG commonest findings in the evaluation of patients with infertility.
The result of this study showed that the commonest ultrasound and HSG findings were uterine leiomyoma and tubal blockage respectively. Both findings had no significant difference in the proportion of their occurrence in each of the grouping of infertility.
The result also showed that the commonest reason for referral of patients with infertility for both ultrasound and HSG evaluation was secondary infertility and the commonest age group referred for both ultrasound and HSG evaluation was 30-34years and 35-39years respectively.
Keywords: infertility, ultra-sonography, hysterosal pingography, referral, findings, UNTH Ituku/Ozalla.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Approval Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents
List of figures
List of table
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Statement of problem
1.2 Purpose of study
1.3 Significance of study
1.4 Scope of study
1.5 operational definition of terms
1.6 Literature review
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Theoretical background
2.1 Brief anatomy of the female reproductive system
2.2 Brief physiology of the female reproductive system
2.3 Overview of the evaluation of female infertility
2.4 Radiographic evaluation of female infertility
2.4.1 Principle of ultrasound
2.4.2 Ultrasound in the initial evaluation of infertility
2.4.3 Hysterosal pingography techniques
2.4.5 HSG in evaluation of female infertility
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Target population
3.3 Sampling
3.4 Sources of data
3.3 Method of data collection
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data analysis
4.1 Presentation of data
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion
5.1 Summary of findings
5.2 Recommendation
5.3 Limitations
5.4 Area of further study
5.5 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Backgroundof study
Infertility is a disease of the reproductive system which affects both men and women with almost equal frequency .1 it is a unique medical condition because it involves a couple, rather than a single individual. Infertility is a disease that results in the abnormal functioning of the male or female reproductive system. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the World Health Organization (WHO) recognize infertility as a disease.2
While there is no universal definition of Infertility, a couple is generally considered clinically infertile when pregnancy has not occurred after at least twelve months of regular unprotected intercourse.3Infertility can also refer to the biological inability of an individual to contribute to conception, or to a female who cannot carry a pregnancy to full term. Infertility is a common condition with psychological, economic, demographic and medical implication. It is not only a medical but also a social problem in our society as cultural customs and perceived religious dictums may equate infertility with failure on a personal, interpersonal, or social level. Women bear the brunt of these societal perceptions in most of the cases. Psychologically, the infertile woman exhibits significantly higher psychopathology in the form of tension, hostility, anxiety, depression, self-blame and suicidal ideation.4
It is estimated that as many as 15% of marriedcouples are affected by fertility disorders. The number of such couples seeking medical help has increased dramatically in the past 10 years due to both relative and absolute factors.5 In a World Health Organization (WHO) study of 8500 infertile couples, female factor infertility was reported in 37% of infertile couples in developed countries, male factor infertility in 8% and both male and female factor infertility in 35%.6the remaining couples had unexplained infertility or became pregnant during the study.
The fertility rate in a couple is influenced by several factors. These include: the age of the female partner, the age of the male partner, exposure to sexually transmitted diseases, exposure to environmental and medical toxins, coexistent disease states and specific disorders. The most common identifiable female factors, which accounted for 81% of female infertility are: ovulatory disorders (25%), endometriosis(15%), pelvic adhesions(12%), tubal blockage and other tubal abnormalities(11%), hyperprolactinemia(7%).7
Cervical factors, genetic causes, uterine factors, immune factors, lifestyle factors are also factors that contribute to female infertility. Male infertility has been identified to be associated with oligozoospermia (decrease in number of sperm cells in the ejaculate compare to reference range) or azoospermia (no sperm cell in the ejaculate). Over 80% of men with infertility have low sperm concentrations associated with a decrease in sperm motility (asthenozoospermia) and spermatozoa with normal morphology. Others may have a decrease in sperm motility and abnormal sperm morphology (teratozoospermia). Other factors include: congenital disorders, acquired diseases (such as tumor, infection, smoking, vascular lesion etc), obesity etc.7
The most important goal of fertility investigation is to identify the cause(s) of infertility and to prescribe adequate therapy. An infertility evaluation is usually initiated after one year of regular unprotected intercourse in women under age 35 and after six months of unprotected intercourse in women age 35 and older.
However, the evaluation may be initiated sooner in women with irregular menstrual cycles or known risk factors for infertility, such as endometriosis, a history of pelvic inflammatory disease, or reproductive tract malformations. The diagnostic evaluation, therefore, must include both partners and couple should be investigated as a single unit as each partner contributes a share to the infertility potential of the couple. Evaluation should begin with the taking of a detailed history and a complete physical examination of both partners, which may point the investigation in a particular direction.
However, this research work will give detailed analyses of the common hysterosalpingographic and ultrasound findings in patients presenting with infertility and relate the findings with their clinical indications and age distributions. It will elucidate the prevalence of occurrence of the major common findings of these infertility screenings.
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