Complete project materials on Common Pathological Findings In Pediatrics Chest Radiographs from chapter one to five with references. PDF and Msword.
CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD THE COMPLETE MATERIAL (CHAPTER 1 -5)
PASS 2024 UTME WITHOUT STRESS:- 👉 DOWNLOAD and PRACTICE with 2023 UTME CBT APP 📱👈
CLICK to DOWNLOAD NOW.:- 👉 PASS Your POST UTME by Downloading Your School's Post UTME Past Questions and Answers 📱👈
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
List of tables.
Table of contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE :Introduction
1.0.Background of study
1.1.Statement of problem
1.2.General objective
1.3.Specific objective
1.4.Significance of study
1.5.Scope of the study
1.6.Literature review
1.6.1.Common findings and diagnosis in plain chest radiograph
1.6.2.Sensitiveness and diagnostic yield of chest radiograph in pediatrics
2.0 CHAPTER TWO: Theoretical Background
2.1.Radiography
2.1.1.Radiographs
2.1.2.Image production in radiography
2.1.3.Chest radiograph9
2.1.3.1.Common pathologies identified in chest radiographs
2.1.3.2.Regions where chest x-rays may identify problems
2.1.4.Different projections of the chest
2.1.5.Additional views and other associated findings
2.1.6.Limitations of chest radiography
3.1 Research design
3.2 Area of study
3.3 Target population
3.4 Inclusion criteria
3.5 Exclusion criteria
3.6 Sampling procedure
3.7 Samples Size
3.8 Procedure for data collection
3.9 Method of data analysis
4.0 CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION OF TABLES
Table1: Age Distribution of Pediatric Chest Cases
Table 2: Relative Distribution of Gender Age Group of Pediatric Chest Disorders
Table 3: Relative Distribution of Gender Age Groups with Pathologic Findings and without Pathologic Finding on Radiographs
Table 4: Pediatric Chest Radiographic Findings
Table 5: Prevalence of all types of Pneumonia in Pediatric Chest.
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE:
DISCUSSION, CONCLSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1Discussion
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
5.4 Limitations of study
5.5 Difficulties
5.6 Areas of further study
5.7 Reference
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research project is to define among all the pediatrics chest disorders which of them is a common finding in pediatrics chest radiographs at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, (UNTH) Ituku-ozalla,Enugu state.
This research is a retrospective study which documented the possible chest diseases,common chest pathology of the pediatrics and gender distribution of chest diseases from pediatrics chest radiographs.
The study investigated all cases of pediatrics chest examination done from January 2011 to December 2012.A total of 102 patients were studied retrospectively.The result showed that out of 102 radiographs studied,82 radiographs were presented with pathologies while 20 radiographs were of no pathology.Out of 82 radiographs with pathologies male has frequency [n=33,42.24%] while female has frequency of [n=49,59.75%].
It was discovered that pneumonia [n=39,38,24%] has the highest frequency.Bronchopneumonia [n=25,64%] of all pneumonia disorders is more prevalent.
Therefore,it is suggested that CXR be used as a first line diagnostic tool for pediatrics patients presenting with signs and symptom of chest diseases
1.0 CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Chest radiography of pediatrics is becoming a common radiographic examination being undertaken for intensive pediatrics care in various x-ray departments these days. In Nigeria, from time people begin to wonder the likely factors that are responsible for this.
Radiography has an important role in the investigation of pediatrics chest, mainly in the diagnosis of thoracic pathologies and other conditions that are indirectly affecting the thoracic structures. Chest radiography is the primary imaging study to confirm the diagnosis of pneumonia using a well-centered, appropriately, penetrated,
anterior posterior chest radiography in the pediatrics. Although, other views may be warranted to clarify anatomic relationships and air-fluid levels1. Chest radiography in determination of pneumonia needs the radiographers and the radiologists to pay attention to the following:
Costophrenic angles, pleural spaces and surfaces, diaphragmatic margins, cardiothymic silhouette, pulmonary vasculature, right major fissures, air bronchograms overlying the cardiac shadow, lung expansion and patterns of aeration1.The use of ionizing radiation in the diagnosis and treatment of the pediatrics pathologies has been questioned over the years due to the possible occurrence of radiation-induced diseases in the pediatrics receiving treatment and undergoing radio-investigation.
An understanding of the infant chest radiography requires a review of how embryology, anatomy, physiology, pathology, immunology and the physics of fluid mechanics influence its appearance, this knowledge is critical in the interpretation of the infant chest radiograph2.
Going with the embryological and anatomical descriptions of infant chest, it is believed that all generations of airways have developed by the time the fetus reaches 16th week of gestational age2. There are about 22 generation of airways depending on how the last generation is counted and where the count is performed2. Near the lungs hila, there may be as few as 10 generations of airway before the gas-exchange unite-the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sac are reached in the lungs periphery.
There may be as many as 25 generations of airways before the gas-exchange units are reached2.. As the child grows and becomes an adult the airways grow in length and diameter but not in number.2. The alveoli, the gas-exchange units, develop after the airways.
They start proliferating about 29weeks of gestational age. By the 40th week of gestation, there are approximately 20million alveoli in the new born lung.Although the precise number is debated. The mature lungs contain approximately 300 million alveoli. That number is reached at about 8years of age. The alveoli then increases in size, and then the lining gets progressively thinner.
Chest radiography often is a necessary preliminary study and is the most commonly used requested study for a child complaining of chest pain. Its availability, low cost, and lower radiation exposure compared with all other imaging modalities makes it a preliminary procedure of choice for thoracic pathologies and other conditions that affect indirectly the chest. Chest radiography is 42-72% accurate in predicting the etiology of a case of
pneumonia. In a study of 168 children with pneumonia, 2 radiologists who independently evaluated all chest radiographs were unable to distinguish whether the agent involved was bacterial, viral, or unidentified.
Chest radiography is indicated in an infant or toddler who present with fever and any of the following conditions. Tachypnea, nasal flaring, retractions, grunting, rales, decreased breath sounds, and respiratory distress; while in older children and adolescents, the diagnosis of pneumonia is often based on clinical presentation.
Chest radiography is a commonly requested examination for both in-patients and out-patients that have varieties of intra and extra-thoracic complaints. The intra-thoracic complaint can include pathologies affecting the lungs and their accessory structures, meditational pathologies, cardiopathies, and so many other conditions which are predominantly associated with adults.
Immunopathologically, growing children are exposed to many infectious organisms and need to develop immunity to them. The average adult inhales more than 9000liter of air per day, the infant, much less. A multitude of organisms enter the airways along with this inspired air. The organisms that infect the respiratory track in infancy are usually viral.
The most severe diseases in the lower respiratory track are caused by Para influenza viruses and the respiratory syncytial virus. These are also among the most common organisms to infect the infant respiratory system. Adult has some immunity to most of these organisms because they were exposed to them as children and developed immunity against them.
Although adults may be infected and transmit these viruses to others they usually become no more than mildly ill. Infants have not yet developed immunity against so many diseases. Thoracic diseases are common chemical problems in children and often require the use of imaging in order to diagnose and aid in the treatment of the problem3.
In so many related studies such as Radiologia brasilera1; normal findings on chest x-rays of neonates. The purpose of this study is to describe the normal findings of the newborn chest radiography.
It is deduced from this study that a change in fetal circulation contributes to an increase in cardiac size, skin folds and variation in thymic silhouette may may simulate disease.
CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD THE COMPLETE MATERIAL (CHAPTER 1 -5)
>GUARANTTEE|:| Score 280 Above in 2024 UTME👉 DOWNLOAD FREE JAMB CBT APP HERE:.: GURRANTTEE Score 280 Above in 2022 UTME👉 DOWNLOAD FREE JAMB CBT APP HERE 📱👈WISH TO STUDY & LIVE in UK?:- STUDY, WORK AND LIVE IN the UK Application Form NOW OUT. Call 08030447894
