Attitude Of Married Women Towards Modern Family Planning Methods

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Adewale, Umoh, I were and Gbadegesin, (2005) opined that attitude of married women towards modern family planning have attracted much attention in recent times. This is due to increase in unwanted or unplanned pregnancies, induced or criminal abortion, material mortality, sexually transmitted diseases, human immune deficiency virus (HIV), and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), prevalence among women of child-bearing age.

There is no one universally acceptable definition of attitude. However, Anderson (1981) opined that attitude is a moderately intense emotion that prepares or predisposes individuals to respond consistently in a favourable manner, when confronted with a particular object. Okafor (1991) stated that attitude is concerned with one’s feeling towards an object, person or thing cornachia, station and Irwin (1999) asserted that an attitude refers to mind-set to action, an internal readiness to behave or act.

Simpson and Weiner (2000) defined attitude as a way of feeling, thinking or behaving. According to man (2002) attitude implies a relatively enduring organization to internalized belief that describes, evaluates and advances actions with respect to an object or situation with each belief having cognitive, affective and behavioral components.

He further stated that each one of these beliefs is a predisposition that suitably activates results in some preferential response towards the attitude-object or situation or toward the maintenance or preservation of the attitude itself.

Attitude in the context of the present study is belief, feeling, thinking, ideas or emotion that predisposes an individual to respond when faced with a particular object.

For instance, what a married woman believes, feels or thinks about modern family planning becomes her attitude towards modern family planning.

Modern family planning refers to modern contraceptives method other than traditional or natural family planning methods (NSO, 2004). Park (2007) defined modern family planning, as preventive methods that help the woman avoid unwanted pregnancies.

They include all temporary and permanent measures to prevent pregnancies resulting from coitus. Modern family planning methods may be broadly grouped into two classes, namely spacing methods and terminal method. These methods are further categorized into three sub-categories namely, non-appliance, appliance, and surgical methods.

Oreachata (2007) referred to non-appliance methods as non-manipulative methods of family planning such as pills, which are taken orally to prevent pregnancy Non-appliance methods, include hormonal methods (oral pills). Okoye and Okoye (2007) noted that oral pills which are hormone-based contraceptives are the most popular and also the most effective non-appliance methods of family planning in the world. They further observed that the first time to start taking your first package of birth-control pill is the day your period begins.

According to park (2007), appliance methods refer to any contraceptive instrument, drug, preparation or thing designed to, prepared or intended to prevent pregnancy spermicides are surface active agents which attach themselves to spermatozoa and inhibition oxygen uptake and kill sperms.

They include among others: foams, creams, suppositories, and soluble films Okoye and Okoye viewed male condom as a rubber or processed collagenous tissue sheath that fits over the erect pennies and acts as a barrier to the transmission of semen into the Vagina and also prevent the transmission of HIV and other STIS.

They described female condom as a soft plastic that resembles a diaphragm and condom combination. It consists of a soft, loose-sitting sheath with two flexible rings similar to those of a diaphragm. It is an effective barrier to STIs and semen into the Vagina.

The diaphragm is a vaginal barrier. It is a dome-shapes tuber cap with flexible rim. It is inserted into the vagina, before intercourse, to cover the cervix. The spermicidal could be placed on the dome of the diaphragm, to serve as reinforcement. Diaphragm could be inserted at anytime within the monthly cycle (Okoye & Okoye 2007) Intra-Uterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) are small plastic or stainless steel or flexible polythene nylon device that can be inserted by a doctor through the service, into a woman’s womb to prevent pregnancy.

Almost all brands of IUCDs have one or two strings or threads tied to them. The rings hang out through the opening of the cervix into the vagina. The stings which can be felt by a woman help her to check whether the IUCD is still in place or not. They also aid removal of the device by a health-care provider (Okoye, 2006).

The injectable Depo-Provera is a contraceptive given every three month as a single injection to women who want to prevent pregnancy. It contains the hormone, progestin, similar to the natural hormone that a woman’s produces the injection, when given, releases the hormone slowly into the woman’s blood stream up to three months or more.

The injection prevents pregnancy by preventing ovulation from occurring, thickening the cervical mucus, thereby making it difficult for the sperm to pass through it, and inducing reduction or thinning of the endometrial lining (inner surface of the womb). By this action, Depo-Provera can cause amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) on a long use (Okoye & Okoye, 2007).

Implant is a sub dermal contraceptive capable of preventing a woman from becoming pregnant for five years. The commonly used implant capsules are Norplant which consists of six small plastic capsules similar to sticks of matches. The capsules contain 35mg each, of levonorgestrel. Implant is entirely a hospital procedure.

The procedure requires a minor incision and the capsules are implanted beneath the skin of the forearm or upper arm. After the insertion, the minor incision is closed with gauge and plaster. No stitches are required and the capsules are not visible on the skin. Both the insertion and removal, require the expertise of a trained health personnel, mainly doctors, interestingly, return of fertility is almost immediately after the device is removed (Okoye & Okoye, 2007).

Abortion simply means termination of pregnancy world Health organization, WHO (1971) defined abort termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus attains the age of viability. Okoye (2006) stated that abortion could be spontaneous or induced. Spontaneous abortion is commonly referred to as miscarriage.

 

Induced abortion is defined as artificial or intentional termination of pregnancy using any of the numerous methods against the laws of the country (Nigeria). This may include the use of drugs, mechanical devices manipulations or instrumentation. This however carries the highest risk complications and material death.

Surgical or terminal methods of family planning on the other hand, are simple or minor surgical operations for permanent contraception. Surgical or terminal methods comprise of male sterilization (Vasectomy) and female sterilization (tubal ligation).

The present study was concerned with oral pills, injectables, implants female condom, male condom, IUCDs, and surgical methods. These methods were chosen for the present study because they were the only family planning methods in use in U/Muazu Kaduna South L.G.A  at the time of the study.

There are various demographic factors that influence married women’s attitude to and practice of modern family planning. The present study was concerned with demographic factors of age, parity, and educational background.

Age has been identified by some studies as one of the strong factors that influence attitude to and practice of modern family planning. In a study by Chacko (2001) among married women, in four villages in rural west Bengal, India. It was found that, one of the factors that most influence a woman’s use of contraception includes her age. Specifically, Chizororo and Natshalaga (2003), reported that the younger women liked the female condom more than the older ones.

Ngom and Maggwa (2005) postulated that age significantly increases a woman’s likelihood of using modern contraception.

Reports from researchers indicate that parity influence a woman’s chances of using modern family planning Chacko (2003) found that the number of living sons a woman has, greatly influences her use of modern contraception. Oyedokun (2007) reported that number of children ever born was also found to be a significant factor that influences women’s attitudes to and practice of contraceptives.

Studies have revealed that education background has strong influence on attitude to and practice of modern family planning. Kabba (2000) pointed out that educational status of women was found to have an impact on contraceptive use. Those women who have some educational background were found to have better knowledge and tend to use contraceptives Philippines.

National Demographic and Health survey, PNDHS (2000) revealed that women with an elementary school education were more likely than those with more education or with none at all to want no more children and this tend to use modern contraception. These variables were surveyed and some behavior change theories applied, to explain married women and attitude to and practice of modern family planning.

Unwanted pregnancies, criminal abortion, and early weaning of infants seen to be common among married women in the LGA. It is likely that some married women have died due to criminal abortion, while some are being hospitalized as a result of abortion complications.

The study on attitude towards modern family planning among married women in U/Mauzu Kaduna South Local Government Area (L.G.A), becomes imperative.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Modern family planning methods are considered a first line of defense against unwanted pregnancy STIs and HIV. The consistent and correct use of modern family planning methods reduces greatly unwanted pregnancies, STIs and HIV among married woman in any nation thus enhancing their health. However, it appears that attitude and practice modern family planning among married women in Nigeria is low and it varies by demographic and socio-economic characteristics. This calls for a study to verify what obtains in U/Muazu Kaduna South LGA.

The use of modern family planning methods among married women will reduce unwanted pregnancy, mortality and morbidity associated with criminal abortion among women HIV and STIs incidence among married women will also be minimized, thus, enhancing their health.

Studies have been conducted on attitude and practice of modern family planning methods among married women world including Nigeria. Following from this, the need arose to study attitude and practice of modern family planning methods among married women U/Muazu Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State. This is the major problem of the study.

1.3  AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The main aim of the study was to find out the attitude of married women towards modern family planning methods.

Specifically, the objectives of the study were to find out the;

Attitude of married women to other women who practice modern family methods;

Attitude of married women to those who provide modern family planning services;

Attitude of married women towards modern family planning methods based on their age;

Attitude or married women towards modern family planning methods based on their parity;

Attitude of married women towards modern family planning methods based on their educational background;

Attitude of married women based on physiological problems associated as a result of family planning methods.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Family planning provides many benefits to mother, children, father and the family.

MOTHER

Enables her to regain her health after Delivery

Gives enough time and opportunity to love and provide attention to her husband and children.

iii.      Gives more time for her family and own personal advancement.

When suffering from an illness, gives enough time to treatment and recovery.

CHILDREN

Healthy mothers produce healthy children

Will get all the attention, security, love and care they deserve.

FATHER

Lighters the burden and responsibility in supporting his family.

Enables him give his children their basic needs (food, shelter, education, and better future).

iii.      Gives him time for his family and own personal advancement.

When suffering from an illness, gives enough time for treatment and recovery.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were formulated to guide the study;

What are the attitudes of married women to other women who practice modern family planning method?

What are the attitudes of married women to those who provide modern family planning services?

What are the attitudes of married women towards modern family planning based on their age?

What are the attitudes of married women towards modern family planning, based on their parity?

What are the attitudes of married women towards modern family planning based on their educational background?

What are the attitudes of married women based on physiological problems associated as a result of modern family planning methods?

1.6     LIMITATIONS

The study would have been carried out in Kaduna South LGA but was limited to U/Muazu Kaduna State due to some factors thus;

1. Financial constraints: Due to lack of enough money for purchasing research material it hinders the appropriate finding.
2. Time: The time of this research was short, in view of this researcher could not cover many area for more facts.

1.7DELIMITATION (SCOPE OF THE STUDY)  

The study was delimited to U/Muazu Kaduna South LGA. The study was concerned with finding out the attitude of married women towards modern family planning methods. The demographic factors of ages, parity and educational background as they appear to affect the attitude towards modern contraceptives among married women was explored. The study involved only married women of U/Mu’aza Kaduna south LGA of Kaduna state.

1.8  DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

Attitude – is belief, thinking, ideas or emotion that predisposes an individual to respond when faced with a particular object.

Coitus – sexual intercourse or union between a male and a female, which include penetration and ejaculation.

Modern family planning – refers to contraceptive methods of family planning other than traditional or natural family planning that help the woman avoid unwanted pregnancies resulting from coitus.

Barmier method – any method that birth control by use of mechanical e.g condom, diaphragm.

Hormonal method – is a method of birth control that act on the endocrine system e.g oral pills

Intra-Uterine device (IUD) – is a device inserted into the womb to prevent pregnancy that is inserted by a health care professional.

Miscellaneous – consisting of a mixture of various things that are not usually connected with each other.

Terminal method – this is a permanent method of contraceptive which involves a minor surgical procedure to prevent pregnancy.

Abstinence – is the practice of abstaining from sex.

Coitus Interruptus – also known as withdrawal during sexual intercourse, before ejaculation.

Cervical mucus method – also known as ovulation method.

Non-literate – not knowing or unable to read and writes.

Contraceptives – also known as Birth control is a deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation.

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