Project materials from chapter one to five on An Appraisal of the Nigerian Print Media as an Instrument for Ensuring Successful Elections in Nigeria.
TABLE OF CONTENT
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I TITLE PAGE
ii CERTIFICATION
iii DEDICATION
iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
v TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
History of Nigeria mass media
Forms of media
Characteristics of media
Functions of media
CHAPTER 2
2.1 The concept of democracy and political parties
2.2 The process of election
2.3 The concept of election
CHAPTER 3
3.1 How elections are organized in Nigeria
3.2 How elections are rigged in Nigeria
3.3 Better method of organizing election
3.4 Problems of election in Nigeria
3.5 The role of media in election campaign.
CHAPTER 4
4.1 Summary
4.2 Conclusion
4.3 Recommendation
REFERENCES.
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CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In all aspects of social life, the genesis of a new decade triggers to an effort to summarize and characterize what happened from the past years and look forward to challenges – the genesis of a new era.
The press (newspaper) stands as a link between the old and new. A regime that newly arrives into power can blame its predecessor for some economic problem and it uses the press (newspaper) to compare its record in funding popular services with past regime and reminds the public the oppression they felt from the oppositions when they were in power and to also praise government for the good work done when they were in power, all these tactics work well when they use the press. And this research work is focusing on newspaper as a print medium.
Obiakalusi Lynda et al (1991:43) in their research work stated that Nigeria political independence in 1960 had raised hopes of many that the nation was being set on towards achieving a free and democratic society. In such a democratic society, it is expected that the press such as newspaper in particular should be the market place for political thought.
The newspaper therefore, should exist mainly to serve the information need of the citizenry in politics. Akpan (1985:35) mass communication in Nigeria: book of reading (Nwuneli) says that the public is entitled to all facts in a political situation and that on the basis of these facts; it can make its decisions.
Apparently, development should not be seized from being mentioned while discussing politics. According to Nwosu 1985, he says that “development and politics are so intertwined that one cannot talk about or deal with one without the other, especially in a developing country like Nigeria”.
Having observed the above statement, it is rarely difficult to distinguish between politics and development especially as it relates to Nigeria politically. Newspaper can be seen as a more possible agent of social and political mobilizing in the country than television especially in mobilizing women towards participating in politics.
The press must remain ever vigilant to protect and enforce people’s freedom of thought and expression and citizens’ right to all information relating to the various aspects of their life and future. In the same vain, Thomas Jefferson in his word to G.K Van Hogendorp, Oct 13, 1785, he posited that:
“The press is the only toxin of a nation. When it is completely silenced, all means of a general effort are taken away. The only security of all is in a free press. The force of public opinion cannot be resisted when permitted freely to be expressed.
The agitation it produces must be submitted to. It is necessary to keep the water pure. The most effectual engines for (pacifying a nation) are the public papers…..
(A despotic) government always keep a kind of standing army of news writers who, without any regard to truth or what should be like truth, invent and put into the papers whatever might serve the ministers. This suffices with the mass of the people who have no means of distinguishing the false from the true paragraphs of a newspaper”.
According to the reports by the Human Rights Watch (April and May 2007-2011, p 12) virtually all elections held in the past since independence till the last elections in 2011 have been approached by politicians and political parties with violence, fraud, assassination, ballot stuffing and kidnapping by political thugs.
Basically in Nigeria, one cannot but say all is well considering the nature of the country in terms of population, ethnicity, religion, ideology, social and economy, political and international perspective. According to Anaeto and Anaeto (2010:34)
Africa countries are beset with many challenges – social, political, cultural, economic development and transformation. Meanwhile conflict is inevitable considering the nomenclature of Nigeria.
Without mincing words, Nigeria media has come a long way in discharging the basic ethical standards. They don’t just; inform, educate and entertain as their traditional functions required but also persuade entire citizens of the country to maintain peace and live together as one entity irrespective of differences.
Perhaps, in 2011 General Election in the country, the Nigeria media did perform their roles diligently, before, during and after the election. They (Media) gave wider coverage of the 2011 election to every nook and crannies of the nation.
Even when the situation turned violent and the foundational structure of the country became threatened as a result of numbers of life that were lost and unestimated cost of property that went -the drain.
Media, indeed, remained resolute and continued to advocate for peaceful co-existence among the politicians who have turned apart as a result of political ideology differences. This study among other things will vividly look at the level of coverage giving the political violence that engulfed the nation after 2011 general election.
Information available indicates that Nigeria print media was born into freedom in 1895; Rev. Townsend established “Iwe Irohin” newspaper with the objective of getting people to read and cultivate the habit of reading and seeking for information through the newspaper.
The emergence of this newspaper paved way for others. Ogunsiji (1989:6) classifies the development of Nigerian press into four segments. These are; the era of Missionary journalism, era of the alien-dominated press, emergence of the indigenous press and the dawn of modern Nigerian newspapers.
However, the research work will end with the researcher’s proposed further direction in the area of study and implications for management, politicians and academicians.
1.2 HISTORY OF NIGERIAN MASS MEDIA The history of the Nigerian mass media can be traced to Henry Townsend, who in 1859 established a newspaper called “Iwe Iroyin”.
His purpose of establishing a newspaper was to inculcate reading habit among the Yoruba people and also to create awareness or a platform whereby business men would publish their advert on the papers.
Prior to that time, Hope waddel had established a printing press in Calabar where people can come for publishing jobs.
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