Download complete project materials on Streptococcal Pharyngeal Infection Carrier Rate In Children
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Title page
Declaration
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of contents
List of Tables
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
1.1 Aim and Objectives
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review 5
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) 5
Epidemiology of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) Infection 7
Common factors that leads to Group A Streptococcus (GAS) Infection 8
Clinical Manifestation of Streptococcal Group A (GAS) Infection 10
Symptoms of Streptococcal Group A (GAS) Infection 11
Prevention and Control Measure 12
CHAPTER THREE
Materials and Methods
Sample Collection 13
Inoculation of sample 13
Isolation of Pure Culture 13
Gram’s Staining 14
Biochemical identification of the isolate 14
CHAPTER FOUR
Results 16
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
ABSTRACT
Streptococcal pharyngeal infection is an infection of the throat which is caused by a bacterial known as Streptococcus pyogenes. Fifty (50) samples of throat swabs were collected from Children Specialist Hospital, Gwandu Road, Kaduna. The pathogens isolated include Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes (31%) had the highest incidence of occurrence followed by Staphylococcus aureus (10%) while the least was Klebsiella pneumoniae (9%).
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Streptococcal pharyngitis, is the cause of 37% of sore throats among children and 5-15% in adults. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes several suppurative and non-suppurative infections. In addition to pharyngitis and skin infection, GAS are also the causative agent of post-streptococcal infection syndromes such as acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerularnephristic (Alan, 2000).
Acute pharyngitis is a common illness in children and adults and it’s etiology includes a wide variety of microbial agents. Group A streptococci (GAS) are the most frequently isolated pathogens in acute pharyngotonsillitis cases in children.
In children, approximately 20% of pharyngitis cases are cause by GAS (Dubos, 2002). Streptococcal sore throat is one of the most common bacterial infections of children. GAS are responsible for the great majority of such infections and frequently colonize in the throat of an asymptomatic person.
Pharyngeal carriage rate among children vary with the geographic location and season of the year. Among children, asymptomatic carriage rate of 15-20% have been noted in several studies (Bisno and Stevens, 2000). GAS consists of a single species, Streptococcus Pyogenes (Bisno and Stevens 2000). This microorganism causes complete hemolysis of red blood cells on sheep blood agar.
The pathogenesis of GAS is mediated by a variety of factors. One of which streptolysin O topxin, which damages cell membrane and accounts for the hemolysis demonstrated on sheep blood agar. In addition to pharyngitis, GAS are also one of etiologic agent of impetigo, cellulitis, and scarlet fever.
Further, GAS can cause serious post infection syndromes such as acute rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. GAS infection is ordinarily spread by direct person- to- person contact, most likely via drops of saliva or nasal secretion. Respiratory droplets are the most usual mechanism of spread because the organize primarily localized in throat (Dubose, 2002; Bisno and Stevens, 2000).
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is the ninth major infections cause of death in man globally (WHO, 2004). It causes several invasive illness in children including meningitis, septicaemia and toxic shock (Berkley et al ., 2005). It is one of the three leading causes of bacteraemia in children aged less than 90days in developing countries (Berkley et al., 2005).
And accounts for 15-30% of cases of pharyngitis in children (Komaroff et al., 1986; Bisno 1996). The majority of deaths from GAS are cause by rheumatic heart diseases (RHD) accounting for 233,000 death per year globally (Carepetis et al., 2005).
Rheumatic heart disease is the greatest contributor to acquired heart disease in Nigeria (Jaiyesii, 1982., Asani et al., 2005). On the other hand, post streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis is the third most common cause of renal disorders in Nigerian children (Eke and Eke, 1994).
The rate of isolation and spread of GAS infection inclosed and crowded communities may be much higher. Throat culture has always been considered the “global standard”for diagnosing group A streptococci. The incubation period for Streptococcal pharyngitis is between 2 to 5 days (Irfan Sevinc et al., 2008).
Aim and Objectives
The aim of this project is to determine the rate of Streptococcal pharyngeal infection in children attending Children Specialist Hospital Gwandu road Kaduna.
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