Download complete project topics and materials on Strategies and Problems of Policy Implementation In Local Government from chapter one to five
ABSTRACT
When the researcher chose this topic: STRATEGIES AND PROBLEMS OF POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT: A Case Study of Sabon Gari and Lere local Governments., he was inspired by the lack of clear cut policy for local governments in Nigeria coupled with the high rate of embezzlement, poor leadership, low rate of accountability, general laxity of the finance department and corruption in Nigeria Local Government, To do this, the researcher developed Questions.
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This questions were administered inform of questionnaires to 321 staff who were selected as a sample of the population. Apart from this, secondary data were used. In organizing and presenting data collected, tables and percentages were used as well. The data analysis revealed that lack of effective policy in the local government had created a negative impact in area.
The researcher therefore recommended that to bring about a more realistic rural development in Nigeria, specifically Sabon-Gari and Lere Local government areas, the local governments should minimize their total dependence on the federal allocation, and increase their efforts towards generating more revenue through the diversification of their internal revenue sources.
Furthermore, the political representative and leaders need to identify with the development needs of the moral areas of their constituencies. Indeed, they need to articulate such needs and ensure that they become integral parts of the government’s development agenda and that policy or programmes initiated to address them are monitored to ensure proper implementation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Certification
Declaration
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Research Questions
1.4 Aims and Objectives of the Study
1.5 Research Assumptions
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study
1.8 Definition of Terms
1.9 Chapterization
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Introduction
2.2.1 The Concept of Local government
2.2.2 Role of Local Governments
2.2.3 Meaning of Policy
2.2.3.1 Substantive and Administrative Policy
2.2.3.2 Vertical and Horizontal Policy
2.2.3.3 Reactive and Proactive Policy
2.2.3.4 Current and Future Policy
2.2.4 Policy Formulation
2.2.5 Policy Implementation
2.2.6 Strategic Management Capacities for Implementing Policy
2.2.7 Problems of Policy Implementation in Nigeria
2.3 Theoretical Framework
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Population
3.4 Sampling Technique
3.5 Research Instruments
3.6 Data Collection Procedure
3.7 Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA
4.1 History of Lere Local Government
4.2 History of Sabon Gari Local Government
4.3 The Objectives of Local Government Area
4.4 Functions of the Local Government Areas
4.5 The Organizational Structure of the Local Government Areas
CHAPTER FIVE
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Procedure for Data Presentation
5.3 Summary of Findings
CHAPTER SIX
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Summary of Findings
6.3 Conclusion
6.4 Recommendations
Reference
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Organizations and institutions in many countries in Africa formulate policies to guide them. Thus nations of all kind (big or small) require policies for efficient management of their affairs. These include management of affairs of both public and private sectors and effective steering of governance.
In Local government, similar approach is adopted and policies formulated are aimed at improving the performance of the local government. This is to enhance acceleration of overall national development (Adei and Boachie-Danquah, 2002).
There could be implementation gap as a result of many factors, which could arise from the policy itself, the policy maker, or the environment in which the policy has been made. Implementation gap can arise from the policy itself when such a policy emanates from government rather than from the target groups. And, by implication, the target beneficiaries are not allowed to contribute to the formulation of the policies that affect their lives.
This is usually what happens in most developing nations as it happened in the case of the Better Life Programme (BLP) and the Family, Support Programme (FSP) in Nigeria. Mrs. Mariam Babangida put the Better Life Programme in place in 1987 when her husband General Ibrahim Babangida was the Military President of Nigeria.
The programme was targeted at rural women in Nigeria with the aim of creating awareness in women through mobilization so that they can realize, utilize and develop their potentials for a more fulfilling life and national development.
The programme, however, transformed to The Family Support Programme in 1994 after General Sani Abacha became the Head of State in November 1993. The Family Support programme under Mrs. Mariam Abacha focused on the family as a whole.
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Adequate local revenues are critical in ensuring the viability and sustainability of local authorities and the quality of services they provide Nigeria, local authorities account for a significant share of government spending, and therefore are expected to play a fundamental role in the implementation of national growth and poverty reduction strategies.
The effectiveness of Local Government Authorities service provision relies on the adequacy and buoyancy of local revenues, which support sustainable operations and maintenance of local infrastructure and also help to finance staff salaries, councilors’ emoluments and other administration expenses. Local revenues can help to reduce budget reliance on external sources.
More than 70% of Nigerians live in the rural areas, hence there is a need for the government to take the issue of rural development seriously, particular issues related to the formulation and implementation of rural development policy (Nzimiro, 2005:1-3).
Besides, there is a global concern on issues of poverty and rural development by state governments and the United Nations. Any attempt to improve the rural condition is a welcome development. The dwindling quality of rural life had encouraged many rural producers to escape from the suffering of rural poverty to urban misery.
The level of development in Nigeria is too low considering the amount of resources at Nigerians disposal Shut (2014).
Fundamentally, a public policy is a government action or proposed action directed at achieving certain desired goals or objectives (Ikelegbe, 2006). In the light of a given societal problem, public policy guides and determines present and future public decisions as well as private individual or private business institutional actions, decisions or behaviour.
In essence, a public policy determines the activities of government and given private institutions in relation to providing services designed to solve a given problem. Usually, policies are made or formulated by the legislative arm of the government in both the federal, state or local government tiers and implemented by the public bureaucracy or designated private institutions. In most cases, however, it is the public bureaucracy that is saddled with the responsibility of policy implementation.
Indeed, in virtually every country of the world, public policies are implemented primarily by the public bureaucracy and specifically by the bureaucrats or career civil servants that work in them (Ezeani, 2006). To this extent, therefore, the role of government in development is, to a very large extent, the role of the public bureaucracy (Abah, 2010).
This role the public bureaucracy plays through the effective implementation of government policies, projects and programmes aimed at achieving development goals and objectives. Most often in Nigeria, however, policies are well and brilliantly formulated but ineffectively implemented by the bureaucracy (Obodoechi, 2009).
This leads to the failure of public policies to achieve their target goals and objectives and to ultimately alleviate the problems for which they were designed. Indeed, there are usually wide gaps between formulated policy goals and the achievement of those goals as a result of ineffective implementation in almost all facets of public administration in Nigeria (Mankinde, 2005.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Analysis of the Nigerian rural condition suggests that local areas in Nigeria are in a state of neglect, with serious consequence for development in general and national development in particular. Colonial rule which gave credence to extraction of raw materials for export at the expense of food crops and other aspects of rural development laid the foundation for rural neglect.
Even though the raw materials were extracted from the rural areas, the rural areas were neglected in terms of infrastructure development. There was also too much concern on the production of cash crops rather than developing indigenous food crops such as cassava, yams, cocoyam, etc which cater for the nutritional needs of the rural dwellers (Abba and Anazodo, 2006).
This trend seems to have impacted on our post-colonial elite who saw development as simply the adoption of modernization in agriculture. This may have explained the reasons for the adoption of agrarian transformation through mechanization, importation of fertilizers, building of gigantic dams etc. as a solution to the agrarian crisis.
The establishment of the Agricultural Development Projects (ADPS) in the early 1980s, the River Basins, construction of dams, etc were all aimed at propagating agrarian transformation which was seen as the major catalyst for rural development (Otaki, 2005).
Despite several attempts by the Federal, state and local governments through the introduction of rural development programmes such as Agricultural Development, Water Supply, rural infrastructure for rural development, the rural condition has not changed much. This forms the major statement of the research problem.
Local governments in Nigeria are faced with many difficulties in sourcing adequate revenue; such problems are a cogwheel to the smooth running of the local government system. With the local government reform of 1976, local governments in Nigeria became recognized as the third tier of government, vested with the statutory powers to discharge the duties and responsibilities of government.
To achieve this, no doubt, efficient and effective revenue generation and management became germane. The revenue issues, particularly the problem of generation are well documented.
However, there have been a tendency, conscious or unconsciously, to over generalize the problems of local governments. Though the empirical fact from extant literature revealed the problems of some local governments in the country, the experience of local government seems to have been ignored in that respect.
Hence, this study will critical analyze the strategies and problems of policy implementation in Local government with specific reference to Sabon Gari Local Government and Lere Local Government Areas of Kaduna State.
1.3 Research Questions
What are the policies monitoring mechanisms established by the Sabon Gari Local Government and Lere Local Government Areas of Kaduna State?
What are the challenges facing local government authorities in policy implementation at the local government level?
What are the policy implementations on poverty alleviation in the local Governments?
What are the strategies being implemented by local government tax system to enhance revenue collection in the Local Government?
1.4 Aims and Objectives of the Study
The general aim of the study is to ;
To evaluate policies monitoring mechanisms established by Sabon Gari Local Government and Lere Local Government.
To identify challenges facing local government authorities in policies implementation at local government level.
To identify policy implementation and the challenges of poverty alleviation in the local governments.
To examine strategies being implemented by local government tax system to enhance revenue collection after rationalization of local government taxes.
1.5 Research Assumptions
This study is based on the assumptions that:
Lack of proper policy implementation leads to underdevelopment of the rural areas.
There significant relationship between poverty alleviation policy and local government development.
That ineffectiveness of the leadership of Local Governments are responsible for poor policy implementation.
There is a significant relationship between the strategy of rural development adopted and the level of local government development in the state.
1.6 Significance of the Study
Policy implementation forms the engine of effective governance and management of public issues. Local government growth depends heavily on effectiveness of policy implementation. However, government hinders implementation of these policies at various levels local government is no exception. Therefore, there is the need to minimize or eliminate the negative effect associated with poor policy implementation so that sustainable development can be attained.
Because of poor documentation on how poor policy implementations are affecting the local government, this study would help address this gap, and help policy formulators to keep abreast with these challenges and perform their duties and responsibilities more effectively.
The findings from this study will give insights and contributions to the players in the LGAs development as the result from stakeholders’ response will draw up the importance of one factor over the other in analyzing the challenges faced by Local Government Authorities in implementing strategies to enhance revenue so that players should put more weight and hence improve ways of collecting revenue which has greater impact on development of LGAs.
In this settings although the research is for academic purposes, it will also assist even Local authorities and policy makers to see appropriate policies that will facilitate collection of enough revenues to cover the gap.
Furthermore, the study intends to assist not only LGAs but also central government in ascertaining weakness in designing strategies which have great impact in terms of revenue collection issues using the factors identified in this study. The findings of this study may additionally be used in other related studies as empirical findings especially those evaluating revenue enhancement in LGAs.
The study is also expected to contribute to the literature on rural development, and development administration in particular since a critical analysis of the institutions, programmes and policies under study in rural development efforts shall enable us proffer some solutions to the development problematic and thus a contribution to development administration, in general and local government administration in particular. Finally, the study would also serve to provide more knowledge and add to literature that would generate future research into this area.
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study critically, examines strategies and problems of policy implementation in local government in Nigeria. The study will be restricted to Sabon Gari Local Government and Lere Local Government Areas of Kaduna State.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Administration: The term administration covers almost every sphere of activity involving cooperation action. Different meanings have thus been attributed to the concept of administration. Administration here describes that part of the government that manages public affairs during the period of a chief executive. It is also a cooperative action with a high degree of rationality.
Government: Government connotes a group of people elected or selected to run the affair the state. In other words, government is that agent of the state that makes the states policies and complements them.
Local Government Authorities (LGA): Local Government Authority is defined as part of government of a country operating at a local level, functioning through a representative organ known as council, established by law to exercise specific powers within a defined jurisdiction (Warioba, 1999).
Policy implementation: The next and most crucial stage after policy formulation is its implementation. It is, perhaps, for its importance that some scholars refer to the policy implementation stage as the hub of policy process. Fundamentally, policy implementation is the process of translating a policy into actions and presumptions into results through various projects and programmes (Ikelegbe, 2006).
Policy: The term policy is central to the operation and activities of both private organizations and public institutions. A policy option made by an individual or private institution is known as private policy while the one made by government or its institutions is called public policy (Ozor,2004). However, the term policy as it is used in this work refers to only the ones made by government and which are, as such, regarded as public policies.
Public bureaucracy: Basically, bureaucracy involves a hierarchical positioning of jobs and responsibilities in such a planned and rational manner and guided by such internal rules and regulations as to obviate the intermixture of personal interests with official functions/roles (Ozor, 2004).
The rules and regulations also define the duties of members and the procedures for carrying out official duties based on formal structures and authority. In simple terms, bureaucracy is a formal administrative structure with distinct operational features that include division of labour, hierarchy of authority, impersonality, rationality, neutrality and system of rules among others (Ezeani, 2006).
Revenue: The term ‘revenue’ generally denotes all incomes from taxes, fees (charges), fines, loans which local authorities mobilize from within and outside their own jurisdictional arenas. Local authority collection systems vary depending on the size of jurisdiction, the payment methods allowed and the nature of revenues received (Larson, 2004:452).
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