Download complete project material on The Impacts Of Non-Governmental Organization On Rural Development
CHAPTER ONE
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
The poor are the most important population group in every existing society because the proportion of the poor determines the potential for growth, development of an economy and individual wealth accumulation. By implication, countries with few grow faster than those with a large number of poor populations.
It is against this background that nations including Nigeria takes interest in their poor which account for more than 51% of the total Nigerian population 80% of which life in the rural areas and contributes over 40% of the total growth domestic product through agricultural activities.
Despite various governmental policies and claims of government commitment, rural areas in Nigeria remain significantly cut off from the basic social and economic facilities found in the urban areas. This state of backwardness eventually leads to the emergence and proliferation of various donor agencies such as UNDP, DFID (United Kingdom) and UNICEF as well as non-governmental organizations such as DASS Women Multipurpose Cooperative Society (DWMCS).
These organizations emerged basically to break and address the various cycle of poverty specifically in the rural areas, assist in the area of conflict prevention techniques, provide various modern infrastructural facilities as well as emancipation of individuals from various forms of human deprivation attributed to the rural areas.(Source: The internet)
1.2 Statement of the problem
Most non-governmental organizations ‘NGOs’ including donor agencies have different aims for which they operate. The objectives of these organizations are generally not accepted to be political but rather they are to serve as aids to alleviate specific forms of human hardships. United Nations Children Education Fund ‘UNICEF’ is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations which is dedicated to child welfare through child immunization, prevention of the effect of iodine deficiency by providing iodized salts in all nations with the governmental support, provision of salt drinking water and ensuring the right to education for all children including girl child education.
In the same vein, DASS Women Multipurpose Cooperative Society ‘DWMCS’ in partnership with various donor agencies such as the DFID, USAID and the UNICEF is basically concerned with drilling of hand bore holes, solar power system, provision and distribution of free insecticide treated mosquito nets, construction of modern latrines, skills acquisition programs as well as grant of loans to individual members and corporate societies.
Despite the appealing nature of projects undertaken by these organizations however, there is skepticism with regards to their effectiveness and efficiency. For instance, are all nursing mothers aware of the six month exclusive breast feeding of their newly born babies? Was there any mechanism in action to checkmate and encourage nursing mothers to channel and direct their breast feeding efforts towards this direction?
How effective is the child immunization program controlling the devastating effects of polio, cough and measles? Does the drilling of hand and solar powered water boreholes put to an end to water scarcity in Dass Local Government and vicinity?
To what extent are the projects of UNICEF and DWMCS sustainable and what are the general attitudes of the host communities towards management and maintenance of the facilities and lastly, is there any justification for their action?
The above observed questions and reservation has been arisen with regards to the activities of NGOs in general and UNICEF and DWMCS in particular.(Source: The internet)
1.3 Objectives of the study
1. The study is aimed at exploring the impacts of the UNICEF and DWMCS projects in some selected rural areas of Bauchi state. Therefore, the following objectives will be examined in the course of this research.
2. Critical examinations of UNICEF and DWMCS programmes projects to determine their effectiveness, efficiency or otherwise.
3. A critical assessment of the success and impacts of the listed organizations towards improving the life of the rural inhabitants.
4. Also, to recommend possible areas where individuals, government, NGOs as well as corporate bodies could intervene to compliment the efforts of the UNICEF and DWMCS.
1.4 Statement of hypothesis
The major hypothesis that are worthy for consideration and deemed appropriate for the study are:
Drilling of boreholes and solar system to rural communities by the UNICEF and DMWCS has not alleviated water scarcity suffered by the host communities of the projects.
The provision of free writing materials, textbooks, bags, uniform, free meals tickets to the primary school pupils has raised the level of school enrolment.
Provision and distribution of free insecticide treated mosquitoes’ nets by the DWMCS and the construction of latrines to the rural inhabitants has not been effective in the control of cholera, typhoid and malaria fever.
The UNICEF six month child exclusive breast feeding campaign, oral dehydration therapy and the polio immunization exercise in various communities of the local Government Area has not been effective in the prevention of child and infant mortality.
1.5 Scope and limitations
Due to the time and resources constraint, the scope of the study is restricted to the activities of the UNICEF and DWMCS in some selected rural communities in (Bundili Butur) in Bajar/Bagel, (Buzuri) in Baraza, (Dangri) in Zumbul, (Kardam) in Durr and Gajuwal in Bundot political wards of Dass Local Government Area, Bauchi State from 2009–2016.
The constraint of time of the research was winded up with the course work coupled with the researcher’s personal engagements. Therefore, less time was available for the research work, if not there would have been necessary for a more extensive research work.
There is also a problem of lack of current materials on which the researcher can base his findings. Many of the useful documentary evidence, textbooks and journals could not be obtained due to their scarcity and lack of finance. Although all these limitations were presented, efforts were made by the researcher to come up with conclusions that would be used for the purpose of generalization using the available resources at the researcher’s disposal.
1.6 Â Â Â Significance of the study
The study is aimed at generating and expanding the scope of knowledge related to the objectives and activities of the NGOs with the determination of strengthening procedural and performance defects of the organizations.
1.7Â Definition of relevant concepts
These include the definition, explanation, and clarity of terminologies intensively used in the conduct of this research paper. The concepts include:
Community based organization: it is an organization driven by the community residents in all aspects of its existence. All aspects here imply:
- The majority of the governing council and staff consists of local residents
- The main operating offices are located in the community
- Priority areas of the community are defined and identified by the residents themselves.
- solutions(s) to address priority issues are ultimately developed with the active participation of the residents
- program design, implementation and evaluation components have residents intimately involved
Cholera: A severe infectious disease endemic characterized by diarrhea and the loss of salt in stool. In more severe cases, vomiting, thirst, muscles cramp and circulation collapse occur. Death can occur as quickly as in few hours after the onset of the severe symptom. Virtually, the only means of being infected is through the consumption of food and water contaminated with the bacteria from the stool of a cholera patient. As such, prevention is therefore a matter of sanitation.
Malaria fever: is a disease caused by a single- celled parasite called genus plasmodium. Anopheles (a malaria carrying mosquito) transmits these parasites through bites serious cases of malaria9 can result in loss of life if left untreated. More than a million people die yearly most of whom were from the African continent according to WHO.
Mosquito net: a curtain of fine hanged over a bed or across a window as a protection against mosquito bites
Non-Governmental Organization (NGO): is any organization independent of government control and which was established not with sole purpose for profit making. It is usually set up by ordinary citizens and may be funded by governments, foundations, individuals, or private business enterprises. Some NGOs avoid funding altogether and as such, run primarily by volunteers.
Typhoid: it is an acute infectious disease caused by a bacterium called Bacillus Salmonella Typhus. The bacteria are transmitted through the consumption of milk, water or solid food contaminated with the faces of a typhoid victim.
Rural development: Umma Lele writing for the World Bank defined development as ‘improving living standard of the mass of the low income population residing in rural areas and making the process of their development self-sustaining’ (Lele, 1975).
Rior de Jeneiro conference of 1962 defined rural development as conscious and deliberate effort aim at helping community recognizes their needs and to assume increasing responsibilities for solving their problems thereby increasing their capacities to participate fully in the life of the nation.
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