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CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Hepatitis is a general term that means inflammation of the liver. The Ancient Greek word “hepat” refers to the liver and the Latin word “itis” means inflammation (as in arthritis and dermatitis). Hepatitis means injury to the liver with inflammation of the liver cells.
Many illness and condition can cause inflammation of the liver, for example, drugs, alcohol, chemicals, and autoimmune disease (Word Health Organization, 20014). The liver is just one of several organs that the viruses affect. There are several hepatitis viruses; they have been named types A, B, C, D, and E.
The most common hepatitis viruses are types A, B, and C. Hepatitis virus often occurs in an abbreviated form for example, HAV, HBV, HCV represent hepatitis viruses A, B, and C, respectively (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003). Hepatitis viruses replicate (multiply) primarily in the liver cells and this can cause the liver to be unable to perform its functions (CDC, 2003).
The liver is the largest gland in the human body, it weights approximately 1.36 kg. It is reddish brown in color and is divided into four lobes of different sizes and lengths. The liver is located on the upper right part of the abdomen. Blood reaches the liver through the hepatic artery and the portal vein. The portal vain carries blood containing digested food from the small intestine, while the hepatic artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the aorta (WHO, 2014).
The most common types of viral hepatitis are HAV, HBV and HCV. Some clinicians have considered the acute and chronic phases of hepatitis infections as types of viral hepatitis. HAV was considered to be acute viral hepatitis because the HAV infection seldom caused or permanent liver damage that led to hepatic (liver) failure. HBV and HCV produced chronic viral hepatitis.
However, these terms are not used as frequently because all of the viruses that cause hepatitis may have acute phase symptoms (WHO, 2000). Prevention techniques and vaccination have markedly reduced the current incidence of common viral hepatitis infections. However, there remains a population of about 800,000 to 1.4 million people in the world with chronic HBV, and about 2.9 to 3.7 million with chronic HCV (CDC, 2014).
1.1 Prevalence of Hepatitis A, B and C Virus Infection
Hepatitis is a serious health concern worldwide. The prevalence of HBV and HCV are higher than HAV. Because hepatitis A infection does not lead to long term health problems and almost always goes away on its own (WHO, 2000). However, Hepatitis B and C are more serious and required monitoring and care. Half of the total report on HAV is from developed countries, but most of the causes actually occur in the less developed countries. The prevalence of this disease varies in some places.
It is more in men than women. Countries with the greatest prevalence of hepatitis A, B, and C Include Africa, South America, Eastern European and Asia Countries excluding Japan ( CDC, 2002).
1.2 Aim and Objectives:
The aim of the study is:
To determine the prevalence and effects of hepatitis A, B, and C viral infections among patients attending Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital and Dicon Hospital Kaduna.
The objectives of the study are:
To carry out hepatitis tests (HAV, HBV and HCV) using blood serum and hepatitis test kits.
To carry out liver function test using blood serum and chemistry analyzer.
To determine the age group that is most affected with hepatitis HAV, HBV, and HCV virus infection.
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