Download Complete Project Materials on Water Analysis on Covered and Open Well from chapter one to five with abstract and references
CHAPTER ONE
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Introduction
Properties of water
Sources of water
Types of water
Uses of water
Properties of well water
Preview of water analysis
Aims and objective
Justification
CHAPTER TWO
Sample collection
Reagent used
Apparatus used
Instrument used
Reagent preparation
Procedure
CHAPTER THREE
Result
discussion
Conclusion
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Water is a chemical compound with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at standard ambient temperature and pressure, but it often co-exists on earth with its solid state ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam).
Water also exists in a liquid crystal state near hydrophilic surfaces. Water covers 71% of the earth’s surfaces and is vital for all known forms of life. On earth’s surface 96.5%of the planet’s water is found in oceans, 1.7% in ground water, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, and o.oo1% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air) and precipitation.
Only 2.5% of the earths water ground water. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the earth’s fresh water (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies and manufacture products.
Water on earth moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation and transportation (evapotranspiration) condensation, precipitation, run off, usually reaching the sea. Traporarion and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land.
1.1 PROPERTIES OF WATER
THE MAJOR CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER.
– Water is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure. It is tasteless and odorless. The intrinsic colour of water and ice is a very slight blue hue, although both appear colorless in small quantities.
– Water is transparent in the visible electromagnetic spectrum. Thus aquatic plants can live in water bee sunlight can reach them. Infrared light is strongly absorbed by the hydrogen – oxygen or OH bonds.
– Water is a good polar solvent and is often referred to as the universal solvent. Substances that dissolve in water, e.g. salts, sugars, acids, alkalis and some gases especially oxygen, carbon dioxide (carbonation) are known as hydrophilic (water fearing) substance.
– Most of the major components in cells (proteins, DNA and polysaccharides) are also dissolved in water.
– Pure water has a low electrical conductivity, but this increase we with the dissolution of a small amount of ionic material such as sodium chloride.
– The boiling point of water (and all other liquids) is dependent on the barometric pressure. For example, on the top of Mt. Everest water boil at 680c (154 o f) compared to 100oc (212) at sea level. Conversely, water deep in the ocean near geothermal vents can reach temperature of hundreds of degrees and remain liquid
At 4181.3J (kg.k), water has a high specific heat capacity, as well as a high heat of vaporization (40.65KJ. mol-1). Both of its molecules. These two unusual properties allow water to moderate earth’s climate by buffering large fluctuation in temperature
– The density of liquid water is 1,000 kg/m3 (62.43 1b/cu ft) at 4oc.
– Water forms an zoetrope with many other solvents.
– Water can be split by electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen.
– As an oxide of hydrogen, water is formed when hydrogen or hydrogen – containing compound burns or react with oxygen or oxygen containing compounds
1.2 SOURCES OF WATER
Rain water, oceans, river, lakes, streams, ponds, and spring are natural sources of water.
Rain water: Rain water collects on the earth in the form of surface water and underground water.
Surface water: Water present on the surface of the earth in the form of oceans, rivers and lakes comes from rain and streams are called surface water. The water in rivers and lakes comes from rain and melting of snow on mountains. Rivers flow into the sea.
Underground water: Some of the rainwater seeps through the soil on the nonporous rocks. Sometimes due to high pressure this water sprouts out in the form of springs. It can be obtained by digging wells, sinking tubes well e.t.c.
1.3 TYPES OF WATER
Hard water: This is saturated with calcium, iron, magnesium and many other inorganic minerals, All water in lakes, river on the ground, in deep wells, is classified as hard water.
Boiled helps remove some of the germs, but concentrates the inorganic minerals
Raw water: This as not been boiling. Raw water maybe hard (as calcium hardened water)or soft as rain water. It contains millions of germs and viruses. some of these viruses. Some of these viruses and bacteria may adversely affect the thyroid gland, the liver and other vital body organs.
Rain water: This has been condensed from the clouds. The first drop is distilled water. But when it falls as rain, it picks up germs, dust, smoke, minerals, strontium 90, lead and many other atmospheric chemicals.
Snow water: this is frozen rain; freezing does not eliminate any germs. All snow and you will find it saturated with dirt, inorganic minerals, germs and viruses.
Filtered water: This water has passed through a fine strainer, called a filter. Some calcium and other solid substances are kept in the filter; there is no filter made which can prevent germs from passing through its fine meshes.
Soft water: This is a soft in comparison which water which is harder. It may contain many trace minerals and chemicals, viruses and bacterial.
Reverse Osmosis: This is a system of water purification which allows pre-filtered water to be forced through a semi-permeable membrane to separate impurities from our drinking water.
De-ionized water: A process of exchanging may “hard” ions for “soft” the total icons are still present. The end result is the same. But water has the appearance of being distilled.
Distilled water: This is water that has first been turned into stream so that all of its impurities are left behind
1.4 USES OF WATER
DOMESTIC USES
For Agricultural purpose: The most important use of water in agriculture is for irrigation which is a key component to produce enough food.
for drinking: The human body contains from 55% to 78% water, depending on body size. To function properly, the body requires between one and seven liters of water per day to avoid dehydration, the precise amount depends on the level of activity, temperature, humidity, and other factors. Most of this is ingested through foods or beverages other than drinking straight water.
Washing: The propensity of water to form solutions and emulsions is useful in various washing processes. Many industrial processes rely on reactions using chemicals dissolved in water, suspension of solids in water slurries or using water to dissolve and extract substances. Washing is also an important component of several aspects of personal body hygiene.
Transportation: The use of water for transportation of materials through rivers and canals as well as the international shipping lanes is an important part of the world economy.
Cooking: Water can be used to cook different types of foods.
INDUSTRIAL USES
Water is used in power generation: Hydroelectricity is electricity obtained from hydro power. Hydroelectric power comes from water driving a water turbine connected to a generator.
Food processing: Water plays many critical roles within the field of food science. It is important for a food scientist to understand the roles that water plays within food processing to ensure the success of their product.
Chemical uses: water is widely used in chemical reactions as a solvent or reactant and less commonly as a solute or catalyst. In inorganic reactions, it is not usually used as a reaction solvent, because it does not dissolve the reactants well and is amphetamine (acid and base) and nucleophilic.
Heat exchange: water and steam are used as heat transfer fluids in diverse heat exchange systems, due to its availability and high heat capacity, both as a coolant and for heating. In the nuclear power industry, water can also be used as a neutron moderator.
Fire extinction: water has a high heat of vaporization and is relatively inert, which makes it a good fire extinguishing fluid. The evaporation of water carries heat away from the fire. Use of water in fire fighting should also take into account the hazards of a stream explosion, which may occur when water is used on very hot fires in confined spaces.
1.5 PROPERTIES OF WELL WATER
Composition: the geological nature of the soil determines the chemical composition of the ground water. Water is constantly in contact with the ground in which it stagnates or circulates. So equilibrium develops between the compositions of the soil and that of the water, i.e. water that circulates in sandy or granitic substratum is acidic and has a few mineral water that circulates in limestone contains bicarbonates alkalinity.
Movement: ground water is in constant motion, although the rate at which it moves is generally slower than it would move in a stream because it must pass through the intricate passage ways between free spaces in the rocks.
Discharges and velocity: the rate at which ground water moves through the saturated zone depends on the permeability of the rock and the hydraulic gradient. The hydraulic gradient is defined as the difference in elevation divided by the distance between two points on the water table.
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