This is a complete project material on Soap Production From Banana Peels And Palm Bunch As An Alternative Source Of Caustic
CHAPTER ONE
PASS 2024 UTME WITHOUT STRESS:- 👉 DOWNLOAD and PRACTICE with 2023 UTME CBT APP 📱👈
CLICK to DOWNLOAD NOW.:- 👉 PASS Your POST UTME by Downloading Your School's Post UTME Past Questions and Answers 📱👈
INTRODUCTION
Soap is a cleansing agent described chemically as an alkali metal of a long carbon-chain monocarboxylic acid. It is mainly used for domestic and industrial purpose. Soap technology has slowly progressed from the biblical preparation of mixed leaching from wood ashes and goats tallow taken through the uncertain compositions resulting from cold mixing of refuse fats and the solutions to the scientifically controlled full boiled kettle process and finally to automated continuous process. (Elus,1995).
The manufacture of soap can be carried out by several methods which include batch process, semi-batch process, and continuous batch process and continuous process, in the batch process, the production is carried out with a single mechanical device in which the soap is produced. In the semi batch process, the production of soap is done by the introduction of oil or fats into the reacting vessels before caustic soda is added, this operation requires proper mixing.
The continuous process involves the use of continuous stirred reactor in the production of soap.
The raw material required for the production of soap can be obtained locally (that is plant of wood ash dispersed in water, the ash contains alkali potassium carbonate) or from chemical industries. The principal raw materials for all types of soap and at any level of quality are oil (such as palm oil, animal fat, olive oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil e.t.c) and caustic alkaline (caustic soda or caustic potash).
The alkali metal salts of long-chain monocarboxylic which the soap is composed of are strongly surface active. The hydrophobic character of the hydrocarbon like “tails” is expressed by the formation of oriented monolayers at the surface with tails pointing outward and salt-aggregation into micelles in the body of the solution. These phenomena are responsible for the dispersing and emulsifying powers which makes soap solution useful detergents and emulsifiers.
In the manufacture of soaps, certain analytical tests are performed on the soap, these test include total free alkalinity, total falty acid, PH, e.t.c., these analytical test is used to know the quality of a given soap.
1.1 The Aim and Objective
The aim and objective of this project is to produce soap from banana peels and palm bunch as an alternative source of caustic which could be obtained locally, and hence reducing the cost of production of soap.
1.2 Significance of the Project
The significance of this project to me and my community cannot be over-emphasized, with this project, I would know how to produce soap from locally source raw materials and how to view things and make some changes in the parameters involved (as an engineer) in order to maximize profit and have a good quality soap.
Also, the need of controlling pollution in the community cannot be over looked, since with the production of caustic from banana peels and palm bunch, it will help in reducing the refuse heap in the community
1.3 The Scope of the Project
The scope of the project include:
Literature review
Production of the soap using different formulation
The analysis of the soap
Comparison of the results obtained
SEE >> HOW TO DOWNLOAD THE COMPLETE PROJECT (CHAPTER 1-5) NOW
>GUARANTTEE|:| Score 280 Above in 2024 UTME👉 DOWNLOAD FREE JAMB CBT APP HERE:.: GURRANTTEE Score 280 Above in 2022 UTME👉 DOWNLOAD FREE JAMB CBT APP HERE 📱👈WISH TO STUDY & LIVE in UK?:- STUDY, WORK AND LIVE IN the UK Application Form NOW OUT. Call 08030447894
