Download complete project materials on Sediment Yield of Otamiri River Using Geographical Information System (GIS) from chapter one to five with references and abstract
ABSTRACT
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A method has been developed in the present study for the determination of sediment yield of a river catchment using a geographical information system (GIS). The method involves spatial disaggregation of the catchment into cells having uniform soil erosion characteristics.
The surface erosion of each of the discretized cells is routed to the river catchment outlet using a concept of sediment delivery ratio, which is defined as the function of the area of a cell covered by forest. The sediment yield of a river catchment can be defined as the sum of the sediment delivered by each of the cells. Soil erosion and the subsequent sedimentation are the major watershed problems in Otamiri River.
Hence, this study was attempted to access and map the spatial distribution of sediment yield of Otamiri catchment in a geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing environment. Modified universal soil loss equation (MUSLE) framed with geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing technique was therefore employed to access the amount of sediment.
The spatial discretization of the catchment and the derivation of the physical parameters related to erosion in the cells are performed through a geographical information system (GIS) technique using the integral land and water information systems (ILWIS) package.
A geographical information system (GIS) based method has been applied for the determination of soil erosion and sediment yield in a small watershed the concept of sediment delivery ratio is used to route surface erosion from each of the discretized cells to the catchment outlet.
The process of sediment delivery ratio from grid cells to the catchment outlet is represented by the topographical characteristics of the cells
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT. i
TABLE OF CONTENT. ii
LIST OF FIGURES AND LIST OF PLATES. v
LIST OF TABLES. vi
CHAPTER ONE. 1
INTRODUCTION.. 1
1.1 Background of Study. 1
1.2 Statement of Problem.. 2
1.3 Objective of Study. 2
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY. 3
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY. 3
1.6 LIMITATIONS. 4
CHAPTER TWO.. 5
LITERATURE REVIEW… 5
2.1 INTRODUCTION.. 5
2.1.1 Factors Affecting Sediment Yield. 5
2.1.2 Runoff Mechanisms. 8
2.1.3 Rainfall-Runoff Relationship. 10
2.1.4 Effect of Land Use on Runoff 12
2.1.5 Effects of Surface Runoff 12
2.2 Overview of Erosion. 13
2.2.1 Natural or Geologic Erosion. 14
2.2.2 Human-Induced or Accelerated Erosion. 14
2.3 SOIL EROSION MODELS. 15
2.3.1. Rationale and Limitations. 15
2.3.2. Erosion Models Listing. 17
2.4 Soil Erosion Process. 21
2.5 Study Area Description. 24
2.6 PREDICTING SEDIMENT YIELD.. 27
2.6.1 ESTIMATION OF SEDIMENT YIELD USING MUSLE. 28
2.6.2 DEVELOPMENT OF MODEL DATABASE FOR MUSLE. 29
2.7. Geographic Information System and Soil Erosion Modeling. 36
CHAPTER THREE. 40
MATERIALS AND METHODS. 40
3.1: Study Area Description. 40
3.2 Materials. 42
3.2.1: Data Collection. 43
3.2.2: Collection of Samples. 44
3.3 Methods. 48
3.3.1 GIS Database Generation. 48
3.3.2 Base Map. 48
3.3.3 Reconnaissance. 48
3.3.4 Image Classification. 48
3.4. Laboratory Test. 49
3.4.1: Particle Size Distribution. 49
CHAPTER FOUR. 52
RESULT AND ANALYSIS. 52
4.1: Result 52
4.1.1: Sieve Analysis. 52
4.1.2 Organic Matter Test. 55
4.3: Soil Erodibility Factor. 61
4.4: Cover Management Factor (C) 66
CHAPTER FIVE. 79
CONCLUSION.. 79
RECOMMENDATION.. 80
REFERENCE. 81
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Sediment yield can be defined as the amount of materials/sediments reaching or passing a point of interest in a stream system from the land surface by runoff in a given period of time, and sediment yield estimates are normally given as tonnes per year or kilograms per year.
Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice, and/or by the force of gravity acting on the particles. Soil erosion is one of the most critical environmental hazards of modern times.
Vast areas of land now being cultivated may be rendered economically unproductive if the erosion of soil continues unabated. The information on sources of sediment yield within a catchment can be used as a perspective on the rate of soil erosion occurring within that catchment. The process of soil erosion involves detachment, transport and subsequent deposition.
Sediment is detached from the soil surface both by raindrop impact and by the shearing force of flowing water. The detached sediment is transported downslope primarily by flowing water, although there is also a small amount of downslope transport by raindrop splash (Walling, 1988).
Once runoff starts over the surface areas and in the streams, the quantity and size of material transported increases with the velocity of the runoff. At some point, the slope may decrease, resulting in a decreased velocity and hence a decreased transport capacity (Haan et al., 1994).
The sediment is then deposited, starting with the large primary particles and aggregates. Smaller particles are transported further downslope, resulting in the enrichment of fines. The amount of sediment load passing the outlet of a catchment forms its sediment yield.
1.2 Statement of Problem
Otamiri River is the main source of water for domestic use by neighbouring communities, the siltation of Otamiri River will lead to great consequences for host communities if it continues unchecked.
1.3 Objective of Study
The overall objective of this study is to quantify the effects of sediment yield on the Otamiri River, which ultimately affects the capacity of the River. The soil erosion rates for different land use and land cover scenarios in the River Basin will be predicted and the sediment yield at the intake of the Otamiri River estimated. The sediment yield prediction will be based on the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) model in a GIS-based environment. The specific objectives are:
- To determine the amount of sediment (sand, silt and clay) from Otamiri catchment area that reaches Otamiri River.
- To determine the environmental impact of sediment yield
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
To determine the rate of sediment deposition/siltation of the Otamiri River and to know the duration before desilting the River to avoid the River overflowing its bank.
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
This work is limited to five locations along the catchment of Otamiri; Naze, Obinze, Nekede, Egbu, Ihiagwa.
The research was covered in five chapters. Chapter one deals with the introduction, which discusses the background of study, statement of problem, significance of study and scope of study.
The literature related to the subject matter was reviews in chapter two.
Chapter three covers materials and methodology used in this research work which includes experimental tests that were conducted on the soil samples from the five locations.
Chapter four, the result of those tests were analysed and discussed. The research was concluded in chapter five.
1.6 LIMITATIONS
1.Lack of initial clarity of the research topic.
- Financial constraints
- Time constraints
- Mobility
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