Role of Political Parties to National Development

Role of Political Parties to National Development is a complete project materials that you can download from chapter one to five with references and abstract

RESEARCH FORMAT

Table of content

Title Page

Certificate Page

Approval Page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of contents

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem/Research question

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.4 Significance of the study

1.5 Scope/limitation of the study

1.6 Literature Review

1.7 Theoretical Framework

1.8 Research Hypothesis

1.9 Research Methodology

1.10 Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN NIGERIA

2.1  Evolution of political parties in Nigeria

2.2  Party Organization in Nigeria

2.3  Roles of political parties in Nigeria’s fourth republic

CHAPTER THREE

IMPACTS OF THE ROLE OF POLITICAL PARTIES TO DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA’S FOURTH REPUBLIC

3.1  Political Impact

3.2  Socio-economic Impact

3.3  Security Impact

CHAPTER FOUR

CHALLENGES OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN ITS ROLE TOWARDS NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA’S FOURTH REPUBLIC

4.1  Challenges of Internal party democracy

4.2  Lack of party ideologies

4.3  Religious/Ethnic politics

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1  Summary of findings

5.2  Conclusion

5.3  Recommendations

Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE

 INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Democracy as a system of government seeks to realize a generally recognised common good through a collective initiation and discussion of policy questions concerning public affairs and which delegates authority to agents to implement the broad decisions made by the people through majority vote.

Thus, in contemporary times, democracy has been referred to as the expression of popular will of the political community through elected representatives. The contemporary democracy according to Rapheal (1976) rests on representative government. Presently, the call for freedom and democracy echoes across the world.

The world has witnessed phenomenal change from authoritarian style of governance to democratic rule because democratic governance with its idea of elective representation, freedom of choice of leaders, rule of law, freedom of expression, accountability e.t.c has become the acceptable system of government all over the world. It is a form of government in which the supreme power of a political community rest on popular sovereignty.

The global recognition of democracy eventually paved way for the re-birth of democratic government in Nigeria on May 29, 1999. Now that democracy becomes Nigeria’s “Public good”, credible institutions are required to defend the system. It is in this context that democratic consolidation and sustainability become imperative.

Thus, democracy requires among others the supportive structures, such as political parties. These Political Parties will serve as mediating institutions through which differences in ideas, interests and perceptions of political problems at a given time can be managed (Omotola, 2008).

The fact still remains that “the strength and effectiveness of Political Parties is directly proportional to the degree of resilience democracy enjoy” (Mimiko, 2007).

In modern societics, political parties are very essential to political process. They have become veritable instrument of democracy in any democratic system.

Political parties are not only instrument for capturing political power, but they are also vehicle for the aggregation of interests and ultimate satisfaction of such interests through the control of government. Obviously political parties are crucial to the substanance of democtratic governance.

As Agbaje (1999) notes that the extent to which political parties aggregate accountability, represent and organize determines the level of accountability in public life including access to and use of power as well as political performance. Merkel (1977:99) summarized the basic functions of political parties as follows:

-Recruitment and selection of leadership personnel for government offices.

-Generation of programmes and policies of government for the benefit of the populace

-Co-ordination and control of government organ.

-Social integration through satisfaction and reconciliation of group demands or the provision of common belief system or ideology.

-Social integration of individuals by mobilization of support and by socialization.

Generally, political parties are very essential to national development as it constitutes a central instrument of democratic governance.

It provides the means of promoting accountability, collective action, popular participation, inclusiveness, legitimacy and accountability through the infiltration of their competing principles, ideologies and goals for eventual control of the government in the state.

Political parties are the intermediate institution mediating the affairs of both the people, personnel and agencies that exercise state power.

In Nigeria, the political parties usually are formed along ethnic, cultural, geo-political and religious lines. In everyday activities of government one notices the fostering of primordial loyalties such as ethnic sensivity and overt provision of other selfish political tendencies as a result, the political class has always remained benefit of viable political ideology on which the nation`s has reduced party politics to a broad and bother game where monetization of political process is the bedrock of loyalty and support.

This has eroded the aim of the democratic system. According to Oyovbaire (1987), the respect for human right and rule of law which are the main features of democracy are not visible especially between 1999 and 2007; election rigging and gangsterism is the order of the day that one can hardly differentiate between democratic government and autocracy.

Since the military disengaged from political power in may 1999, the PDP has dominated governance in Nigeria. After Sixteen years of the party in governance which earned the result and admiration of the most Nigeria electorates at the polls due to its programmes and policies, the party is loathed in the country.

The average Nigeria encounters frustration, disillusionment, and psycho moral dislocation owing to the failure of the Peoples Democratic party (PDP) government as well as the All peoples congress (APC) government to device expected dividends at democracy.

This, however, has interested the researcher to inquire about the circumstances leading to the emergence and formation of political parties, What programmes were put in place to ensure democratic governance in Nigeria in the forth republic and how were these programmes implemented to provide good governance to the people of Nigeria.These research therefore focuses on investigating the role of Nigerian political parties in democratic governance since 1999.

 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Popular discourses of the polity is often centred on the claim that Nigeria is “consolidating its democracy”. The evidence on the ground, however, contradicts this claim (Momoh, 2013).The emergence of democratic governance in Nigeria political system in 1999 was a land mark in the political development of Nigeria.

After fifteen years of persistent dictatorship, the return of democracy was received by civil societies, labour union, civil rights organization etc. hopes were very high in the area of human rights which are completely absent during a dictatorship rule.

It was expected that the dividend of democracy would be realized through the political parties which are the means through the politicans reach the public and make their promises and manifestoes available to the people. Their roles and activities are critical in any assessment of democratic practice (Momoh, 2013).

Political parties have the mandate to produce the right calibre of people to govern. Competitive party and electoral politics is expected to deepen and consolidate the democratic transition, which the country embarked upon in May 1999 (Jinadu, 2013).

Though, there has been successful transition and switching of power from one ruling party to the opposition party but the system is stilled marred with electoral violence, corruption and inability to deliver on the electioneering campaign promises which has led to massive underdevelopment of every sector in the country. This has made the researcher deem it fit to examine the roles of the strongest political parties in Nigeria on the consolidation of democracy.

1.3  RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What circumstance led to the formation of political parties in Nigeria?
2. To what extent has the role is political parties contributed to national development in Nigeria?
3. How was the role of political parties implemented to provide good governance to the people of Nigeria?

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to highlight the role of political parties to national development in Nigeria using the fouth republic as a case study.

The study will critically analyses issues such as;

1. To examine the circumstance leading to the formation of political party and its impact on internal democracy of the party.
2. To examine the role of the political parties with a view of establishing their relevance to democratic governance.
3. To determine whether these roles were effectuated with a view to enhance democratic governance.

1.5 SCOPE/LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is on the role of political parties in ensuring national development. The study will only focus on the role of political parties and it’s contribution to national development in Nigeria, and not other factors that influences Nigeria’s national development. It will solely cover Nigeria’s fourth republic.

LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to hinder the efficacy of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of the method of data collection. (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This will consequently cut down the time devoted for the research work. However, commitment of the researcher overshadows these challenges and lead to the success of this research work.

1.6  LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review is the systematic examination and analysis of documents  containing information about the problem being investigated (Biereenu-Nnabugwo, 2010). It is a very salient component in political inquiry as it is the medium through which the works of other scholars relating to the study is being examined and analyzed.

It gives deeper understanding about the research work and it is believed to be the vital part of every research because it reviews every theme of the work.  On this note, it becomes imperative to review the works of scholars in order to locate the gap in knowledge.

Concept of Political Parties

Political party is a group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power. Political parties originated in their modern form in Europe and the United States in the 19th century, along with the electoral and parliamentary systems , whose development reflects the evolution of parties. The term party has since come to be applied to all organized groups seeking political power, whether by democratic elections or by revolution.

A political party is an organized group of people, often with common views, who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. The party agrees on some proposed policies and programmes, with a view to promoting the collective good or furthering their supporters’ interests.

It is generally defined as a group of individuals working together to achieve common goals by controlling all or part of the government (Epstein 1967; Robertson 1976; Sartori 1976). More often than not, the ruling party dictates who will run governmental institutions and how the societal resources will be allocated. According to Ware (1996:5) ” a political party is an institution that:

(a) seeks influence in a state, often by attempting to occupy positions in government, and

(b) usually consists of more than a single interest in the society and to some degree attempts to “aggregate interests”.

A political party is one of the political institutions in a competitive democracy. Political Parties serve as an index through which democratic governance could be compared in States, in that, the structure and operation of party politics in polities tend to serve as measuring rod for determining the fragility or otherwise of democratic systems (Omodia 2010) . Political parties exist in both democratic and authoritarian regimes.

Their major functions include: legitimation of the political system, integration and mobilization of citizens, representation, structuring the popular vote, aggregation of diverse interests, recruitment of leaders for public office, thus facilitating (normally) non-violent choice between individuals and formulating choice between policy options. The balance between these functions differ in line with the type of state (Garner 2012). Not all parties perform all these functions (Green 2007, McGregor 2010, Shambaugh 2008).

The myriad of functions notwithstanding, the legitimation of the political system remains the most critical function of political parties. Moreover, the way and manner political parties carry out these roles is a function of three variables: the constitutional framework within which they operate, the specific national systems of elections and the technologies available to them (Garner 2012).

Concept of National Development

The term ‘National Development’ is very broad and comprehensive. It includes all aspects of the development of a nation namely, political, social, economic etc. It is a dynamic and revolutionary development of the society. National development is both qualitative and quantitative. It is holistic in approach. It is a process of reconstruction and development in various dimensions of a nation and development of individuals.

It includes full-growth and expansion of our industries, agriculture, education, social, religious and cultural institutions. Moreover, national development implies development of a nation as a whole. It can be best defined as the all-round and balanced development of different aspects and facets of the nation viz. political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and material.

National development is the change in growth and development , which includes social, cultural and economic change. It is the ability of a country to improve the social welfare of the people. National development would be the expansion and growth of people in the a defined territory or government. According to John Vaizey, ”National development is the total effect of all citizens, forces and addition to stock of physical, human resources, knowledge and skill.”Some of the problems of national development:

(i) Tardy economic growth in terms of G.N.P. and standard of living.

(ii) Large scale unemployment and under-employment.

(iii) Large pool of illiteracy.

(iv) Rapid growth of population.

(v) Challenges of national and emotional integration.

(vi) Inertia to change process.

(vii) Slow process of modernisation.

(viii) Problem of evolving a democratic, socialistic and secular order.

(ix) Incidence of poverty and poor standard of living.

(x) Phenomenon of urbanisation and its allied malaise.

(xi) Lethargic attitude of people to the core value of work and unwillingness to take responsibility.

(xii) Mismatch between moral and scientific values.

(xiii) Rise of phenomenon of brain-drain.

(xiv) Useless and low quality products of institutions of higher learning.

According to UN Decade report, ”National development is growth plus change in turn is social, cultural as well as economic and qualitative as well as quantitative. In 1971, UNO gave the factors for National Development:-

1. Equal living standard for all.
2. Equal share of all in profit.
3. Equal distribution of income and capital.
4. Expansion of facilities regarding education, health,, shelter and social welfare.
5. Preservation of environment.

One of the main roles for any political party in a democratic country is to provide freedom rights. Any country to offer its citizens the ability to vote or be voted for. Another exclusive role for a political party is to be a representative for the citizens. Any political party is managed according to the demands of the country’s citizens.

The importance of a political party in any country can’t be underestimated. They are the force of movements behind any political decision of the country. If there is a party in the country, then it implies the elective nature of the government.

Any party system is based on the assumption that people are rational beings and they are able to exercise their wishes and demands through the political parties. Keep in mind that political parties in a country should be the face of people who are represented by these parties. Otherwise, it is just a form of dictatorship.

A lot of countries in the world have a multi-party system, where there can be more than one party. And there are countries with a two or one-party system. However, no matter how many parties exist in a country, they have to perform their main functions. Such functions as opined by Olatunji, 2018, include;

1. They assist the parliament

Any parliament in any country consists of representatives of the people. The political parties in Nigeria are organized to be the representatives of the people. The electorate chooses the representatives of the parties to be their voice in the parliament. The party which gets the majority of the votes gets the ruling position in the parliament. The party that did not win becomes the opposition.

The opposition makes sure the party is dedicated to the national and international activity of the government. There shouldn’t be any abuse of power by the majority if the democratic system works correctly though in Nigeria, the ruling party tends to lower the voice of the opposition.

2. Formation of public policies

Every party in the world fights for the adoption of its political principles. Therefore, if people choose a party to be represented in the parliament, they also choose the party`s principles to be presented in the country. As a result, the political policies implemented by the party should have the best interest of the people who elected this party.

The policies should be aimed at improving the condition of the country.

3. Education function

Political parties educate the people. the citizens must understand ideas of the political party and the government. Any political party should also provide increase in the political consciousness of the people. This is one of the main functions of political parties in democracy.

If the political party has a desire to become closer to the people – they should provide information and educate people about the goals of the party.

4. Stability function

Political parties unite people in the country. They promote the main principles of patriotism and unity within the country. The political parties unify everyone’s interests. People in a country can be divided by religion, regional or national matters. So, any political party should deal with the differences between the people and foster unity.

5. Recruitment of leaders

Another great advantage of any political party is the recruitment of leaders. They look for active citizens who are interested in the fate of their country. They find leaders among this people and give them a voice. The recruitment of political leaders is one the main functions of political party in Nigeria (naij.com).

Nigeria is in need of a profound economic transformation. When a country possesses the extensive human and capital resources that Nigeria does and its poverty rate has doubled from 1980 to 2019, there is something profoundly wrong about the conduct of its economic affairs.

No one will describe Nigeria, in large part, as a well-governed country, or contend that the way in which many public institutions are administered – which is essentially what governance means – contributes positively to its development. This is a situation where political parties are poorly structured to perform articulative, aggregative, communicative and educative functions, such a system is likely going to be associated with poor political culture which tend to make the democratic process so fragile.

According to Nwankwo (1990), political party can be define as an organized group of individuals seeking to seize power of government in order to enjoy the benefit to be derived from such control. He further opines that a political party exists primarily as an electoral machine for gaining power with coherent philosophy and its deep ideological aim. Therefore, a political party can be summed up as an organized group of people or individuals whose intentions are to control the apparatus of the state if given the opportunity to form government.

Shively (1997) sees political party as a group of officials or would be officials who are linked with a sizeable group of citizens into an organization; the chief object of this organization, is to ensure that its officials attain power or are maintained in power.

Joseph (1979) in his own contribution sees political party as a formal organization whose self conscious primary purpose is to place and maintain in public office persons who will control alone or in coalition the machinery of government.

Heywood (2002) is of the view that a political party is a group of people that is organized for the purpose of winning government power by elections or other means. Heywood points out that four characteristic which usually distinguish parties from other groups are:

1. Political parties aim to exercise government power by winning political office (small parties may nevertheless use election more to gain a platform than to win power)
2. Political parties are organized bodies with a formal card carrying membership. This distinguishes them from broader and more diffuse social movement.
3. Parties typically adopt a broad issue of focus addressing each of the major area of government policy ( small parties, however, may have a single issue focus, thus resembling interest groups)
4. To varying degrees, parties are united by shared political preferences and a general ideological identity.

In simple language, a political party is a group of persons bounded in policy and opinion in support of a general political cause, which essentially is the pursuit, capture and retention for as long as democratically feasible, of government and it offices. In other words, political party is a group that seeks to elect candidate to public office by supplying them with a label of party identification by which they are known to the electorate. A political party is therefore; at least do three things to its members and on lookers:

1. It’s a label in the minds of its members and wider public especially the electorate.
2. It is an organization that recruits and campaign for candidates seeking election and selection into public office.
3. It is a set of leaders who try to organize and control the legislative and executive branches of government.

A political party therefore, is a group of people and an organization like other group or organization, except it is distinguished from any other group by its unique objective which in a democratic settings, is seeking control of government through nominating its candidates and presenting its programmes for endorsement via the electoral process in competition with other parties.

Duverger (1964) emphasized that the general development of parties which tends to deviate from the democratic regime and asserts that growing centralization decision making is increasingly diminishing the influence of leaders upon members on the one hand and strengthening the influence of leaders upon members on the other.

Again Duverger, is of the view that we are living in totally artificial nation of democracy forged by lawyers on the basis of eighteenth century philosophical utilitarianism, namely; the conception of democracy as government of the people; by the people providing general happiness for the greatest number.

In practice the theory ceases to exist because all government tend to be oligarchic, which shows the domination of the greater number by a few. Therefore, democracy must reflect liberty for the people and for all section of the people. The author is right in opening up or revealing this obscure aspect of democratic parties for analysis.

Sklar and Whitaker (1963) in their contribution to the study, surveys the role of Nigerian political parties in political and territorial integration. According to them, the emergency of political parties in Nigeria serves as an additional cleavage to integrated political system.

The emergence of political parties and their leaders appear sectional in the approach to national issues and unity since their loyalty flow in the direction of their ethnic groups and regions. Ultimately their loyalty transcends that of the nation and therefore, they seem unable to forge an integrated political system.

In their own contribution to knowledge, Coleman and Rosbergy (1958) examine the role of political parties in national integration in tropical Africa using the same combination of behaviouralism and structural functionalism as employed by Coleman in his early classes on the background of nationalism in Nigeria.

They see the role of political party as instrumental in the functioning and the development of the new African society and the political system of which they are a part. Since Nigeria belong to Africa and has the knowledge that a section of the book contributed by Richard .l. sklar rosbberg’s work is of great importance to us in our presence research. The two scholar opinioned that unlike the relatively stabilize national society of the old, more highly developed countries; there is an almost complete institutional vacuum at the central or national level in the new state of tropical Africa.

Agawal et al (1994) see political party as a voluntary association organized by the persons bound with common interest or aim, which seek to acquire or retain power through the election of its candidate into public office. In modern societies, political parties are distinct from other organization.

They rely on permanent structure and organization with defined offices and roles which enhances their mobilization of supporters. Also they manifest hierarchical order from the grassroots to the highest level of government. More strikingly, political parties seek to put their candidates into public offices through election in order to realize the conscious objectives, which bond their members.

Political parties have become essential to the development of political process. They have become veritable instrument of democracy. In any democratic system, political parties are not only instruments for capturing political power but they are also vehicle for the aggregation of interest and ultimately the satisfaction of such interests through the control of government.

Obviously, political parties are crucial to the sustenance of democracy and governance which are key ingredients to national development. As Agbaje (1999) noted that the extent to which political parties aggregate freely, articulate, represent and organize determines the level of accountability in public life including access to and use of power as well as political performance.

James (1983), pointed out that political parties that emerged during the period of the anti colonial struggle, unfortunately were formed along tribal/ethnic lines i.e., the northern people’s congress (NPC) Hausa/Fulani, national council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) eastern and the action group (AG) Yoruba. The author has it that this has been the trend of party politics which later formed the background of the emergence of political parties in Nigeria’s second republic.

Thus, despite all attempts to establish national parties as opposed to the ethnic/region parties in the second republic nearly all the parties, NPN, UPN, GNPP and PAP seemed to posses some elements of national outlook.

This assertion was supported by james ojiako’s publication of the result of the 1979 elections which showed how the people voted across ethnic lines narrowing down the study to the contemporary trends in party politics in Nigeria and the behaviors of political parties in the present dispensation, we note that in vibrant democratic state, political parties are not seen as mere platform for contesting elections or political appointments rather their function according to MOS Olisa, should include:

Providing political education for their members, Informing members in government offices about public opinion or national issues as well as maintaining as strong ideological base that would ensure its survival in national development.

After the 1999 general elections, there was glamour for more political parties which the chairman of the independent national committee approved for the 2003 election with the aim of providing a level playing ground for the parties. Still the aim seems to have been defeated but who knows?.

In Nigeria the usual point of reference is 2020 along with the curious notion of 20-2020 which refers to Nigeria’s aim to join the twenty countries with the largest economies by that date. It is unlikely that Nigeria will leapfrog over more than twenty countries that are ahead of it in the next eleven years.

More realistically, we should speak of 2025 as a target year for Nigeria to have made substantial progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (officially slated for 2015), and more pertinently, to have undergone the transformations needed to build a productive economy that can provide remunerative employment for most of its adult citizens.

Over the past ten to fifteen years, through policies and programmes, Nigeria has made significant progress in certain economic sectors, notably banking, telecommunications, and the airline industry. However, the two sectors for which there is enormous scope, and which can provide the level of employment growth desperately needed, namely agriculture and manufacturing, are weakened by the infrastructural deficiences identified by President Yar’Adua, especially power and transportation.

Nigeria’s chosen developmental path is a democratic one, similar to India and Brazil. However, unlike these countries, it is hobbled regarding one of the most fundamental infrastructures of democracy, namely, a fair, violence-free, and efficient electoral system which can be made possible by political parties

Economic transformation and the boosting of developmental governance must go hand-in-hand with the transformation of day-to-day institutional practices.

GAP IN KNOWLEDGE

Proponents for the role of political parties as a means to achieving national development such as Epstein(1967), Robertson (1976), Sartor (1976), Agawal ET Al (1994), Green (2007) Shambaugh (2008), Garner (2012), MC Gregor (2010), Olatunji (2018) argue that democracy, on which political parties has been built upon has represented the interest of the masses and contributed to national development.

On the other hand, Coleman and Rosbergy (1958), Durveger (1964), Joseph (1979), Shively (1997), and Heywood (2002) argued against the role of political parties, in that democracy, upon which political parties perform its roles to contribute to national development is just a representation of a few elites called oligarchs and has hampered national development by developing it satisfying the interests of a few to the detriment of the populace.

Nevertheless, scholars in the review of the study failed to recognize that the role of political parties can be effectively and positively felt in national development, only, in a true democracy with strong institutions where the core principles of democracy are adhered to.

1.7  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This work has two aspect of significance: firstly, it will theoretically increase the existing body of knowledge in the scholarship on political parties as it concerns national development in Nigeria.

Secondly, the research will practically be of immense values to political leaders and policy makers in Nigeria and will also enlighten the masses on responsibility of political parties to national development. By so doing, it will go a long way in providing practical solution to some of the problems of political parties in Nigeria democratic system as regards to national development.

1.8  THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The material and method of analysis in this research work is anchored on: (i) Gabriel Almond’s Input-Output functional variables and (ii) The historical method that provides a perspective background for discerning party politics vis-à-vis the problems associated with political instability in the Nigerian State.

Gabriel Almond’s Input–Output functions constitute seven functional variables which could be classified thus:

1. Input functions:

(i) Political socialization and Recruitment – This refers to the introduction of individual citizens into different roles in the political system, and also selecting them for membership into the political system.

(ii) Interest Articulation – It refers to the process through which demands are injected into the political system.

(iii) Interest Aggregation – It involves the formulation of policies in which group interest are combined, accommodated and more or less committed to a particular pattern of public policy.

(iv) Political Communication – It is the channel through which political information is transmitted among the different groups and between the governed and their rulers vice versa.

(B) Output Functions

(i) Rule Making – This is the process through which laws are made. In a democracy, the legislature is basically charged with this function.

(ii) Rule Application – This involve the process of implementing laws and governmental policies. This function falls within the Executive Arm of government.

(iii) Rule Adjudication – This function lies within the province of the judiciary in the sense that the institution performs the basic function of interpreting laws that guides persons and institutions of the state.

1.9 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

1. The quest for national development led to the formation of political parties in Nigeria.
2. Democratic consolidation is the extent to which political parties had contributed to national development in Nigeria.
3. The implementation of role of political parties in the forth republic seems not to promote good governance.

1.10 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study adopts secondary method in generating relevant information required in explaining the role of political parties to national development in Nigeria’s fourth republic. It adopts the content analysis approach using secondary method such as journal articles, newspapers, internet, textbooks among others to gain insights on the role of political parties to national development in Nigeria.

1.11 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Democracy: A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives. It is a system of government whereby sovereignty rests on the people.
2. Politics: it is all activities associated with the governance of a country or other area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to achieve power. It could be said to be all activities which are directly or indirectly involved with the acquisition of state power, consolidation of state power and use of state power.
3. Consolidation: To become, or cause something to become, stronger, united and more certain

4.Political party: Is an organized group of citizens, who act together as a political, unit, having common goals and objectives involving political questions in the state and acting together and seeking to obtain control of government.

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