ABSTRACT
Burns constitute a major health concern with respect to morbidity and mortality. Due to the risk of burn wounds infections caused by multi-drug resistant no socomial pathogens. The present study was carried out to recover identify the isolates and to determine the susceptibility patterns of these pathogens from burn wound infections. In Yusuf Dantosho Memorial Hospital Tudun Wada Kaduna.
PASS 2024 UTME WITHOUT STRESS:- 👉 DOWNLOAD and PRACTICE with 2023 UTME CBT APP 📱👈
CLICK to DOWNLOAD NOW.:- 👉 PASS Your POST UTME by Downloading Your School's Post UTME Past Questions and Answers 📱👈
Bacteria isolates was recovered from the samples collected aseptically from admitted patients in the burn unit. The most commonly isolated pathogens were staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Susceptibility was determine by disc diffusion using Kirby-bauer method following clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLS) guidelines.
Among the S. aureus were MESA (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Most of the strains, including MRSA were multi-drug resistant these strains revealed high degree of resistance to all antibiotics used in the study. Ciprofloxacin showed maximum effectiveness against MRSA.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Burns are damage to the skin cause by a variety of non-mechanical sources including chemicals, electricity, heat, sunlight nuclear radiation (Murray et al., 2009). Burns are the most devastating of injuries and burn patients may suffer form their complications for the rest of their lives. In spites of the recent advances in burn come, still high mortality and significant morbidity is noted in terms of complications associated with burn wounds.
In developing countries more than 90% of fatal fire-related burns occur over half of which alone occur in south east Asia. Data collected form different areas of the wound shows that 75% of deaths in burn patients are due to infection of burn wounds (Gottrup et al., 2005). Burns infection are one of the most common hospital acquired infections and are important cause of morbidity and account for 70 – 80% mortality. Wound infection can be caused by different groups of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and protozoa.
However different microorganisms can exist in polymicrobial communities especially in the margins of wounds and in chronic wounds (percevil and bowler, 2001).
The infecting microorganisms may belong to aerobic as well as anaerobic group. Most commonly isolated aerobic microorganism include Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (Cons), enterococci pneumoriae, enterobacter species protein mirabilis candida albicans and Acinetobacter (Tayfour et al., 2005).
Burn infections have been a problem in the field of medicine for a long time. The presence of foreign materials increases the risk of serious infection even with relatively small bacterial inoculums (Rubin, 2006). Advances in control of infection shave not completely eradicated this problem because of development of drug resistance (Thomas, 1998). The widespread uses of antibiotics together with length of time over which they have been available have led to major problems of resistant organisms contributing to morbidity and mortality (Elmer et al.,1997).
Antimicrobial resistance can increase complications and costs associated with procedures and treatment (Anguzu and Olila, 2007). Knowledge of the causative angents of wound infection in a specific geographic region will therefore be useful in the selection of antimicrobials for empiric therapy.
Thermal injury destroys the physical barrier that normally prevents the penetration of microorganisms (Alghalibi et al., 2011). The skin is one of the largest organs in the body that perform vital functions such as fluid homeostasis, heat regulation, immunologic functions e.g allergies, resistance to disease and acceptance or rejection of foreign tissues neurosensory and metabolic functions.
The skin also provides primary protection against infection by acting as a physical barrier. However, when this barrier is damaged, pathogens have a direct route to penetrate the body possibly resulting to infection (Hospenthal, 2014). Some breach of the skin barrier could be a sign of thermal injury, when such injury occurs the body tires to maintain homeostasis by introducing a process of contraction and retraction immediately after burn injury (Church et al., 2006).
Because of the importance of the skin as a barrier to microbial host penetration, it is supervising that the risk of subsequent burn would infection and endemic infection correlate with the size of burn injury (Santaniello et al., 2004).
The skin barrier is the natural guard to prevent the entry of pathogenic organisms inside the body. Destruction of skin barrier provides favorable entry site for the bacteria to invade and grow. Wound sepsis remains the most dangerous out-come in patients who have suffered major burn injuries and leads to overwhelming mortality among patients with extensive burn wounds.
Burn wounds will almost inevitably be colonized by microorganisms within 24 to 48hrs and this main remain as localized infection (Al-Adcock et al., 1998). In addition there may bacterimia or septicemia and metastatic infection may develop at other body sites.
Bactermia is a common cause of fatality in severe burns patients and may occur any time formt he first day until the point when all the have entirely healed (Al-adcock et al., 1998). Other major factors responsible for mortality in burn victims are fluid and protein loss, pulmomary edema and pneumonia.
The presence of large areas of devitalized, necrotic tissue, coupled with the profound immune suppression that usually follows major burn injuries, sets the stage for rapid microbial proliferation in the wounds; when microbes invade adjacent, previously viable tissues, invasive burn wound sepsis is developed.
(Bowler, 1998) predicted mortality rises by 50% when gram-negative organisms are associated with bacteremia in burn patients increasing antibiotic use and misuse in humans, animals agriculture, along with poor infection control strategies and some other factors have been reported for increasing resistance to commonly used and misuse in humans, animals agriculture along with poor infection control strategies and some other factors have been reported for increasing resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents (Thomas, 2001)
1.1 JUSTIFICATION
This study may help to understand the susceptibility pattern of some commonly used antibiotics against bacteria isolated from burns. The study can potentially identify the risk of bacteria in burns. So the knowledge of antibiotic susceptibility pattern is essential to give proper antibiotic therapy and to avoid unnecessary medication with non-effective drug which may increase resistance.
1.2 AIM
– This project is aimed at determining the pattern of some commonly used antibiotic against bacteria isolated from burns.
The Specific Objectives are:
– To isolate and identify bacteria from burn patient
– To determine the susceptibility pattern of some selected antibiotics against bacterial isolate.
SEE >> HOW TO DOWNLOAD THE COMPLETE PROJECT (CHAPTER 1-5) NOW
>GUARANTTEE|:| Score 280 Above in 2024 UTME👉 DOWNLOAD FREE JAMB CBT APP HERE:.: GURRANTTEE Score 280 Above in 2022 UTME👉 DOWNLOAD FREE JAMB CBT APP HERE 📱👈WISH TO STUDY & LIVE in UK?:- STUDY, WORK AND LIVE IN the UK Application Form NOW OUT. Call 08030447894
