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CHAPTER ONE
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Vegetables are essential for good health and they form the major components of human diet. They are vital energy contributors depended upon by all level of humans as food supplements or nutrients (Duda, 1996). They substantially improve food quality and have height water content. Many vegetables are good sources of vitamins and minerals, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, carotene and mineral elements (Frazier and Weslioff, 1998)
Vegetables in the daily diet have been strongly associated with reduced risk, some forms of cancer, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), stroke, and other chronic diseases (Liu, 2003; Hung et al 2004).
The cultivation of vegetables in many parts of the world has been amplified with the application of fertilizer or manure. The transmission of intestinal parasitic infection has been considered to increase successfully due to frequent use of untreated human or animal dung as manure in cultivation by local farmers (Luca et al 2000).
In many cases, the sources of contamination had been found or are believed to have been from contamination of the vegetables with animal feaces in field prior to harvesting. Clearly, many vegetables are grown in soil where animals manure is used to add nutrients and conditioning to the soil (Clive et al., 2002).
Vegetables should not normally be a cause of public health concern but the transmission of pathogenic organisms is possible by direct contamination from feaces of animals. The use of manure or sewage sludge as fertilizer or the use of contaminated waters for irrigation (Adams and Moss 1995). Consumption of raw or unhygenically or improperly washed/prepared vegetables such as carrot, lettuce, cabbages carrots and cucumber are considered to be a risk factor for human parasitic infections (Chesse brough 1991).
Indiscriminate feacal disposition in bushes, farm lands and even in present farms with a belief of enriching the lands is also a common practice by farmers with a believe enriching the lands is also a common practice by farmers. Some of the water bodies used for irrigation are also polluted with parasitic infected excreta that could lead to recycling of infection (Ayer et al 1992).
In the past, the risk of human infection with parasites was considered to be limited to distinct geographical regions because of parasites. These barriers are slowly being breached-first by international travel developing into a major industry and second, by rapid, refrigerated food transport which became available to an unprecedented degree at the end of 20th century (Clive de, 2002).
In developing countries, because of inadequate or even non-existing system of routine diagnosis and monitoring or reporting for many of the food borne pathogens, most outbreak caused by contaminated vegetables go undetected and the incidence of their occurrence in food is underestimated (Frazier and Westhof 1998).
Practical and reliable detection method for monitoring food stuffs will aid the prevention of parasitic diseases outbreaks, associated with contaminated vegetables. (Ojemudia, 2011).
Referring to existing scientific literatures, no previous surveys have been conducted to evaluate the presence of parasitic contamination in vegetables in Kaduna North Local government. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the occurrence of helminthes eggs on ready to eat vegetables sold in selected markets within Kaduna North local government.
Intestinal parasitic infections are widely distributed throughout the world causing substantial intimidation of the public health, economy and physical and cognitive development, particularly among children in developing countries like Ethiopia (Weller, 1992). The poor personal hygiene, poor environmental hygiene and poor health system commonly observed in developing countries make the prevalence to be highest among population (Norhajati et al., 1997).
The consumption of fruits and vegetables helps in protecting human body from a number of diseases by providing nutrients, vitamins, minerals, protein and fibers. It could also have a positive impact on the body weight regulation and related conditions, including diabetes and hypertension. However, fruits and vegetables especially those that are consumed raw and or not properly washed, have been the major way for the transmission of human pathogens (Ojemudis, 2011).
Helminthes egg may be acquired in different ways like by consumption of contaminated fruits, vegetables other food stuff and water. Eating unclean, raw or under cooked fruits and vegetables is one of the means by which the transmission of intestinal parasitic infections is propagated. Fruits and vegetables act as a vehicle for the transmission of parasitic infections when contaminated factors related to planting such as while they are still on the field, harvesting, transportation, storage, market and even at home (Adams and Moss 1995).
Additionally, the sources of contamination more often are soil, feaces (human and animal origin) water (irrigation, cleaning). More still, contamination may also occur when fresh vegetables and fruits are rinsed and sprinkled with contaminated water (Clive et al., 2002).
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