This is a complete project materials on Environmental Sanitation Practices: The Challenges In Nigeria from chapter one to five with references and abstract.
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ABSTRACT
This study investigated the Environmental Sanitation Practices: The Challenges of Wulari ward Population, Maiduguri Metropolitan Council Borno State, Nigeria. The study was guided by three objectives and three research questions. Survey research design and simple random sampling were used to select a sample of 120 respondents from Wulari ward.
A total of twenty (20) items of self developed questionnaire was the instrument, used to get information from the respondents. The data collected were analyzed using frequency and simple percentage. The findings on the environmental sanitation practices indicated that (39.1%) of the respondents disagree that their surrounding is free from all kinds rubbish.
It also indicated that 38.3% strongly agreed that open dumping is a method used to put away rubbish while 9.1% strongly disagreed. 39.1% of the respondents strongly disagree that there is constant environmental sanitation to keep the surrounding clean while 21.6% agreed. 37.5% agreed that improper waste disposal can serve as danger to health while 15% disagreed.
The major challenges of the residents that was discovered during the study is lack of refuse receptacle in residential and commercial areas, negative attitude towards environmental sanitation and lack of laws that prohibits indiscriminate waste dumping.
It is suggested that in order to alter behaviour, awareness must be increased, with an associated reduction in situational barriers, government should employ more active and qualified public health environmental health inspectors who will be responsible for supervising inspecting and monitoring many aspect of public hygiene in this ward.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification
Declaration
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of contents
List of Tables
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problems
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Question
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Scope of the Study
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Concept of Environmental Sanitation
2.2 Definition of Environment Sanitation
2.3 The Importance of Environmental Sanitation on the Health of People
2.4 Environmental Sanitation and related Diseases
2.5 What is Responsible Environmental health behaviour
2.6 Sanitation Challenges
2.7 The role of Government in Promoting Sanitation
2.8 Summary of related literature and the uniqueness of the Study
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Research Design
3.3 Research Instrument
3.4 Procedure for Data Collection
3.5 Method of Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.0Introduction
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The World Health Organization (W.H.O) in 1963 identified public health as the science and art of preventing diseases, prolonging lives and improving health and efficiency through organized community efforts.
Progress towards bringing about a cleaner environment has involved sometimes costly measures and countries, poor communities and financially constrained enterprise have often argued that the environment is an expensive luxury that diverts resources from more productive uses.
This perspective is giving way to a new paradigm stating that neglecting the environment can impose high economic and even financial costs. While many environment benefits can in fact be achieved at low cost (World Bank, 1998).
Environment conditions in many areas threaten to reverse the gains made in public health over the last several decades (Ukpong, 1991). Every human should have a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature. In a tragically degraded environment, human health is threatened.
In Nigeria environmental population is an important challenge to public health as a result of urbanization Bablola (1993) lamented over the declining environmental sanitation in Nigeria and appealed to all Nigerians to be involved in maintain good sanitation.
Poor sanitation and unhygienic behaviour led to the launching of the War Against indiscipline by Major General TundeIdiagbon, who said that slums and ghettos were the incubators of epidemic diseases that pose a serious danger to human health.
Environmental stress is price of development, wide spared environmental damage is likely to hinder developmental efforts and worsen the plight of people living in acute poverty. The relationship of human to the environment is reciprocal in that the environment has profound influence on humans and at the same time humans extensively alter the environment to suit their needs and desires. Some of these changes created new hazards.
The human’s attitudes towards the environment are still negative and are often contrary to the concept of sustainable development, which recognizes that economic and that the quality of present and future life rests on meeting basic human needs without destroying the environment on which all life depends.
Despite various programs by different tiers government to address the issue of environmental sanitation, many Nigerians still have negative attitudes towards environmental sanitation and do not valve personal or environmental sanitation (Milas, 1997), Ukpong, (1991) emphasized the importance of education in achieving the goals in environmental sanitation. He stressed strategies such as analysis, sensitization, information, education and motivation and indicated that those strategies would provide knowledge and would change the people attitude toward environmental sanitation.
Refuse disposal in this context cover every other waste either often human excreta or excrement. This includes all kind of kitchen, dominatory and toiletry and both organic and inorganic refuse from environmental surrounding. Since the physical environment is known to have very far reaching consequences for all health, the prevalence of careless disposal of refuse may pose health problems for their victims (Udoh, 1978).
If refuse are not removed, it will decay and produce unpleasant smell. It provide place for breeding flies, rodents, mosquitoes and cockroaches which at the long run might be detrimental to the environment and the entire community.
The continuing process of urbanization and industrialization are increasing the amount of refuse products produced resulting in an increasing polluted environment that will demand government action and citizen cooperation. Clearly both researchers and activities for controlling population will have to be increased (Brook 1979).
However, many citizens do not understand that these problems affect them personally because health problems resulting from improper refuse disposal usually develop very slowly. Living with waste as part of the natural environment has become a way of life. At time it is often for persons to become accustomed to the changing environment and ignore its deterioration, (Haag, 1991).
Some parts of the world even today are without proper and adequate sanitary methods for the disposal of human and animals waste or refuse. The general public has been slow in accepting the reality and still slower in taking the necessary correction steps, in preventing the effect of refuse. The more careless we are the more our health is in trouble because the size of population, cities are growing at an increasing rate.
Currently Wulari ward in Maiduguri Metropolitan council is experiencing these challenges, Wulari ward is a town in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Borno state with a population of about 11,000 thousand, mostly dominated by Hausa, Kanuri, Babur Bura, Gwoza and Marghi and few non-indigene, Hausa language is widely commercial activities.
Wulari ward residents are mostly illiterate who engaged in various economic activities ranging from agriculture production, food processing and trading in various items with few civil servants.
The administrative activities are undertaken by the wards head (Lawan) and neighbourhood heads (Bulama). The size of traditional administrative units are often reviewed and redefined as the town grows. Some characteristics of Wulari ward are narrow streets, poorly aligned houses and poor building structures.
Waste management is a serious sanitary challenge in Wulari ward of Maiduguri Metropolitan Council Borno state, inhabitants tend to dump refuse (waste) as if it has no implication on their community health and social welfare. The study area has continued to witness an increase in the disposal of household refuse carelessly the aesthetic value of the environment with attendant health risk and environmental degradation.
The researcher has developed interest in this topic of study seeing the indiscriminate waste disposal in the study area.
1.2 Statement of the Problems
Waste management is a key element in the protection of public health. The beauty of any environment lies on its good sanitary condition. This is so because, when an environment is clean the lives of citizenry are not threatened by illness and diseases.
Proper refuse disposal management involves the dumping of wastes (Solid, liquid or gaseous) from our homes, industries and public outfits for example hotels, hospitals and schools etc. at a specific place or in government provided containers and the control and removal of refuse from places where they can cause hazards to a place where they are less hazardous to public health.
Wulari ward of Maiduguri Metropolitan Council presents a ghastly picture, many areas around the homes are litered with domestic refuse sewage waste, garbage and other waste. Refuse burning are done almost anywhere. Indiscriminate refuse dump affects quality of water and air of which the people seem not to be aware.
It was against this background that the researcher embanked on this research to appropriate the public health awareness of health implications of indiscriminate refuse dump in Wulari ward of Maiduguri Metropolitan Council.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to find out the refuse disposal practices of residents in Wulari ward of Maiduguri Metropolitan Council. It is specifically designed to:
- Find out the challenges of refuse disposal encountered by the population of Wulari ward of Maiduguri Metropolitan Council.
- To find out whether inhabitants of Wulari ward are aware of the implications of indiscriminate waste disposal in their environment.
- Determine health hazard associated with improper waste disposal.
1.4 Research Question
What has been the pattern of refuse disposal practice by the population of Wulari ward of Maiduguri Metropolitan Council?
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