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TABLE OF CONTENT
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Content
Title Page
Declaration
Approval Page
Acknowledgement
Dedication
Table of content
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Malnutrition
1.2 Protein Calorie Malnutrition (PCM)
Aims and Objectives
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Kwashiorkor
2.2 Nutritional Problem in Children Between 4-6 year Of age
2.3 Causes of Undernutrition
2.4 Geographic Difference
2.5 Concretively Framework: Determinant of
Nutrition status and Child Survival
2.6 Political Nutrition
2.7 Brain Development
2.8 Fertility
2.9 Material Nutrition and Education Dysfunction
2.10 Problem of Malnutrition
2.11 Stunting
2.12 Wasting
2.13 Over- Nutrition and Obesity
2.14 Nutritional Requirement
2.15 Protein
2.16 Calories
2.17 Vitamins
2.18 Minerals
2.19 Micronutrient Deficiencies
2.20 Addressing Malnutrition
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Methodology
3.1 Materials
3.2 Method
3.3 Oral Interview
3.4 Data Collection by Questionnaire
3.5 Scope of Study
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result and Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion
5.1 Recommendation
Reference
Questionnaire
ABSTRACT
A total number of 20 malnourished children between the age of 4-6 were studied on the effect of malnutrition on the growth and development of children the children’s weight were taken on admission and discharge. The factors that contribution to the malnutrition were inadequate diet as well as lack of nutrition education and poverty as well as improper pattern of feeding, socio economic factor religions factor and large number of children in the family.
The weight after discharge tremedously improve after admission, the research reveals kwashiorkor and marasmus are the various type of malnutrition associated with the children malnourishment. The malnourishment is better manage in the hospital using the hospital dietary menu plans. The dietary strategies involves political commitment by the government.
Nutritional planning involves formulation of a nutrition a policy and overall long term planning to improve production and distribution and programs to increase the purchasing power of people.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Malnutrition is common globally and results in both short and long term irreversible negative health outcome including stunted growth which may also be linked to cognitive development deficits, underweight and wasting. The world health organization (WHO) estimates that malnutrition accounts for 54 percent of child mortality worldwide, about 1million children. Another estimate also by WHO states that childhood underweight is the cause for 35% of all deaths of children under the age of 5years worldwide.
The main causes are unsafe water, inadequate sanitation or poor hygiene, factors related to society and poverty diseases material factors gender issues and –overall poverty.
The world health organization estimated in 2008 that globally half of all cases of undernutrition in children under five were caused by unsafe water, in adequate sanitation. This link is often due to repeated diarhoea and intentional worm infections as a result of inadequate sanitation. However, the relative contribution of diarrhea to undernutrtion and in turn stunting remains controversial. In almost all countries the poorest quintile of children has the highest rate of malnutrition.
However inequalities in malnutrition between children of poor and rich families vary from country to country with studies finding large grapes in Peru and very small gaps in Egypt. In 2000, rates of child malnutrition were much higher in low income countries (36 percent) compared to middle income countries (12 percent and the united states (1 percent).
Studies in Bangladesh in 2009 found that the mothers literacy, low household income, higher number of sibling less access to mass media, less supplementation of diets unhygienic water and sanitation are associated with chronic and severe malnutrition in children.
A study in Bangladesh in 2009 reported that rates of malnutrition were higher in female children than male children. Other studies show that, at the national level, different between under nutrition prevalence rates between young boys and girls are generally small. Curls often have a lower nutritional status in south and south-eastern Asia compared to boys. In other developing regions, the nutritional status of girls is slightly higher measurement for the presence of malnutrition but weight and height measurement along can lead to failure to recognize kwashiorkor and an underestimation of the severity of malnutrition in children.
Studies for the world bank found that, from 1970 to 2000, the number of malnourished children decreased by 20 percent in developing countries iodine supplement trails in pregnant women have been shown to reduce offspring death during infancy and early children by 29percent. However, universal salt iodization has largely replaced this intervention.
The world health organization estimated that malnutrition accounts for 54percent of child mortality world wide about 1million children. Another estimate also by WHO status that children underweight is the cause for about 35% of all deaths of children under the age of five years worldwide.
According to a 2008 reviews an estimated 178 million children under age 5are stunted most of whom live in sub Saharan Africa. A 2008 review of malnutrition found that about 55million children are wasted, including 19million who have severe wasting or severe acute malnutrition.
As under weight children are more vulnerable to almost all infectious disease, the indirect disease burden of malnutrition is estimated to be an under of magnitude higher than the diseases burden of the direct effect of malnutrition. The combination of direct and direct death from malnutrition cause by unsafe water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices is estimated to lead to 860, 000 deaths per year in children under five years of age.
1.1 MALNUTRITION
May be define as a state of nutrition in which a deficiency excess or imbalance of energy protein or other nutrients including minerals and vitamins causes measureable adverse effects on body function and clinical outcome. In children impartment of growth is clearly and adverse effect and is easily measurable by simple anthropometry.
Because malnutrition can also be regarded as continuum starting with a nutrient intake inadequate to meet physiological requirement followed by metabolic and function alterations, and ultimately by changes in body composition
Under nutrition particularly lead to deficiency disease. A nutritional deficiency disease therefore is a deficiency in one or more of the essential nutrients several factors may be associated with malnutrition which include poverty, culture toboo, ignorance lack of nutritional education, shortage of nutrient feed e.t.c
Deficiency diseases are group into two all ording to their underline causes.
PRIMARY NUTRITION DEFICIENCY DISEASE
This is due to inadequate food in take or insufficiently of all or more of the nutrient both this in adequate may be due to:
Bad food habit that is taking the same food over or more lengthy period
Improper working processing preparation storage or marketing practice of food
Bad food economic habits, the incivility to purchase variety of food due to poverty.
Increase activities of the body metabolism due to sudden demand, without a corresponding increase in food intake.
SECONDARY OR CONDITION DEFICIENCY
These are cause by factor than food inadequacy in the body. They are result of other pathological conditions which may be interpreted to imply.
The presence of intestinal disease or parasite such as look charm tape warm, dysentery and diarrhea. The nutritional efficiency disease of significant in Nigeria includes the following protein, energy, malnutrition, obesity, ricket and ostemelalia etc.
Improper absorption eg mal- absorption syndrome, for example some nutrient depends on others for absorption, vitamin depends on calcium etc
Inborn error of metabolism: in these case the body is unable to metabolize or utilize the nutrient leading to disease condition as galactoseamia lactose intolerance etc.
1.2 PROTEIN CALORIE MALNUTRITION (PCM)
Protein calories malnutrition in other word protein energy malnutrition (PEM) it refers to a form of malnutrition where there is inadequate calories or protein intake. PEM is fairly common world wide in both children and adults and accounts for 6 million death annually. In the industrialized world, PEM is predominantly seen in hospitals, is associated with disease.
Protein energy malnutrition affects children the most because they have less protein intake. The few rate cases found in the developed world are almost entirely found in small children as a result of fad diets, or ignorance of the nutritional needs of children particularly in cases of milk allergy.
Although protein energy malnutrition is more common in low income countries, children from higher income countries are also affected, including children form large urban areas is low socioeconomic neighbourhoods.
This may also occur in children with chronic diseases, and children who are institutionalized or hospitalized for a different diagnosis of intellectual disability, malignancy cardiovascular diseases, or prolonged hospitalization. In these conditions, the challenging nutritional management may get over looked and underestimated, resulting in an impairment of the chances for recovery and the worsening of the situation.
A large percentage of children that suffer from PEM also have other co-morbid conditions. The most common co-morbidities are diarrhea (72.2% of a sample of 66 subject and malaria (43.3%). However variety of other conditions have been observed with PEM including sepsis, severe anemia, bronchopneumonia HIV tuberculosis, scabies chronic superlative obits media rickets and keratomalalia. These ci-morbidities fax already malnourished children and may prolong hospital stays initially for PEM and may increase the likelihood of death.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
To find out the various types of malnutrition that have effect on growth & development on the children between the ages of 4-6 years
To determine the factors responsible for the type of malnutrition
To plan menu for the dietary of malnutrition for the disease
To highlight the dietary strategies for the prevention and management of the various types of malnutrition
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