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CHAPTER ONE
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Malaria meaning bad air (mal-bad, aria-air) was so named by Sansovino in 1560 because of its association with odorous gases from swamps (Ketchum, 2002). It was described in medical records from ancient China, Greece and India. Doctors first believed that malaria was caused by poison vapours in the air. People who lived around swamps, .bogs and other wet lands were especially likely to get the disease. It was therefore presumed that it must be the bad gases given off by the watery region (Lai, 2012).
The Romans were credited with one of the most successful attempts to eliminate malaria. They drained large areas of swampy land around the city believing that they were cutting off the supply of bad air. In fact they were destroying the wet areas in which carriers (mosquitoes) lived and breed (Kakkilaya, 2006).
The association of malaria with a parasite was discovered in the blood by Laveran in 1880. Mosquito transmission of the parasite plasmodium was then experimentally proven by (Ross., 2004)
Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasites. Plasmodium. There are 4 species of\plasmodium causing malarial and they include; of p. falciparum, p. vivax, p. ovale and p. malariae. The malaria parasite is transmitted by the bite of female anopheles mosquito. The male ‘species do not transmit as they feed only on plant juices. There are about 380 of anophline mosquitoes, but only 60 or so are able to transmit the Parasite., (Cheesebrought , M. 1987).
Worldwide there are 300-500 million cases of malaria annually accounting for 1.5-2.1 million deaths each year. Over 90% of these occur in sub-sahara Africa, most of them children under 5 years of age and pregnant women. In some parts of Africa, people have up to 40 bouts of malaria during their life time (WHO, 1993).
Malaria can be diagnosed with a blood test. Thick and thin blood films are standard methods for laboratory diagnosis. The blood films are stained with Giemsa stain and viewed under the
microscope. Blood ‘stains sometimes need to be repeated after a 72 hours period to confirm the diagnosis (WHO, 2003).
A person who live in an area where malaria is common with symptoms of chills, fever and very high temperature should have a blood test as quickly as possible (Ramnik, 1990). Malaria caused by P. fa1ciparum is a medical emergency, and timely accurate detection and pathogen identification to the specie level are imperative in order to provide appropriate treatment and supportive therapy.
A majority of deaths attributed to malaria are deemed preventable especially in non- endemic areas and delayed diagnosis and misdiagnosis are commonly implicated as causes particularly in emergencies (Palmer et al., 2003).
Both traditional and contemporary methods for malaria diagnosis are subjects of present review. Traditional diagnosis based on the examination of Giesma stained and thick and thin blood smears under the microscopes however inappropriate for many areas because there are insufficient microscopes and/or trained microscopists to read and interprete the slides. Such traditional methods are discussed in the context of parasite quantification.
Newer and more advanced malaria diagnostics are now available and the relative merits of methods based on immunoassays are easy to run and interpret and do not require complex equipment or technical support. They are also cost effective and at least as sensitive as traditional microscopy (Makler, 1998).
This project work is to attempt to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the rapid antigen test as compared to the stain microscopy method. Although the detection of the parasite by stain microscopy remains the standard laboratory method for diagnosis, the World Health Organization has repeatedly emphasis the need for simple and cost effective diagnosis tests for malaria that can overcome the deficiencies of light microscopy (Shula, 2001).
If this method is found to be effective, diagnosis will be made easier, faster, more efficient and cheaper in areas where microscopy has its deficiencies .This rapid malaria antigen test is based on an antigen antibody reaction. The antibody is specific for the lactate dehydrogenase of P. falciparum, P. malaria and P. ovale. It can also be a differential diagnosis between P. fa1ciparum and all the other species.
1.1 AIM
The aim of these is topic is to compare using malaria test parasite test parasite through microscopic and rapid malaria antigen test method in a selected hospital within Kaduna metropolis (3
hospitals)
1.2 OBJECTIVE
To determine the sensitivity and specificity of the rapid antigen test and microscopy test for malaria.
To determine which of the gender is malaria positive using Rapid Diagnosis Test kit and microscopy.
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