Download complete project materials on Determination Of The Characteristic Strength Properties Of Mild Steel Reinforcement In Nigeria from chapter one to five
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
1.4 Justification of the Study
1.5 Scope of the Study
1.6 Proposed Methodology
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Nigerian Steel Industry (Historical Development)
2.2 Engineering Materials and Properties
2.2.1 Cement and Concrete
2.2.2 Aggregates and Sand
2.2.4 Steel
2.2.3 Timber and Plywood
2.3 Strength of Materials
2.3.1 Stiffness
2.3.2 Elasticity
2.3.3 Ductility
2.3.4 Brittleness
2.3.5 Malleability
2.3.6 Toughness
2.3.7 Resilience
2.4 Stress and Strain
2.5 Steel Reinforcement
25.1 Grades and Strength
2.5.2 Types of Reinforcement
2.6 Prestressing Steel
2.7 Other Tests that can be Carried Out on Steel Reinforcement
2.7.1 Impact Test
2.7.2 Creep
2.7.3 Compression Test
2.7.4 Fatigue
2.8 Effect of Carbon Content
2.9 Effect of Tempering
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methodology
3.1 Measurement of Steel Bars
3.1.1 Micrometer Screw Gauge
3.2 Shaping of Specimen
3.2.1 Lathe Machine
3.3 Tensile Strength Test
3.3.1 The Tensometer
3.3.2 Principle of Operation
3.3.3 General Beam Specification
3.3.4 Metric Turned Tensile Test Pieces
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Steel is a man-made material containing 95% of iron. The remaining constituent are small amount of element derived from the raw-material use in the making of the steel, as well as other element added to improve certain characteristics or properties of the product (Marcus, 1964).
Steel reinforcement are used generally in the form of bars of circular cross-section in concrete structure. They are like a skeleton in human body. Plain concrete without steel or any other reinforcement is strong in compression but weak in tension. Steel is one of the best forms of reinforcement to take care of those stresses and to strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of load. In steel reinforcement transverse is very important. They not only take care of structural reinforcement but also help main reinforcement remain in desired positions. They play a very significant role abrupt changes or reversal of stresses like earthquake etc.
As compare with concrete, steel is a high strength material. The useful strength of ordinary reinforcing steels in tension as well as in compression i.e the mild strength, is of the order of 10 times compression strength. Reinforcement in concrete is used to absorb the tensile forces so that cracking which is inevitable in high strength concrete does not weaken the structure.
However, reinforcement is also used for resisting compression forces primarily where it is desired to reduce the cross- sectional dimensions of compression members, as in the lower floor columns of multi-story buildings. Even if no such necessity exist, a minimum amount of reinforcement is placed in all compression members to safe guard them against small accidental bending moment which might crack or fail an unreinforced member (George, 1979).
The most common types of reinforcing are in the form of round bars. The plain round mild steel bars manufactured in accordance with BS 5950 are required to have a characteristic strength in tension of 250N/mm2 with a minimum elongation of 22% accordingly; they are designed grade 250 by the standard.
Since steel is an engineering material, it is therefore necessary to talk about the strength of this material. The strength of material refers to the materials ability to resist an applied force. A materials strength is a function of engineering processes, and scientist employ a variety of strengthen mechanisms to alter the strength of a materials. The general understanding of the relationship between external forces applied to an engineering structures and resulting action of the members of structure can be achieved by studying the strength of the material (Brunch,1978).
Tensile strength measure the force required to pull a material. Tensile strength of a material is a limit state of tensile stress that lead to tensile fracture in the manner of ductile fracture, or in the manner of brittle fracture (Sudden breaking in two or more pieces with a load stress state).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
According to different researches carried out on collapsed buildings, many were based on the qualities of materials used. The materials which include, concrete and reinforcement are basically the composite materials which determine the strength and stability of a structure. Apart from the different mix ratios used in concrete which may not be accurately applied, there is more concern on the sizes and strengths of reinforcement used in the reinforced concrete structure. The reinforcement being the tensile materials in concrete, bears the tensile stresses on the structures and therefore determine the structures ability to withstand tension. The various concrete elements in buildings are column, beams, slabs, and foundation. If the required sizes and number of bars to be used in the structural elements are not used there will be defects on the structural elements.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim is to determine the characteristics strength properties of mild steel reinforcement in Ilorin metropolis with the following objectives:
- To verify the various sizes of mild steel available in the market comply with standard specification.
- To make recommendation based on the finding of this project.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
More often in Nigeria we have collapse of buildings several factors can be said to be responsible for a building to collapse. If steel reinforcement is not of standard strength it can cause failure and collapse of the structure. Hence, there is need to verify the strength of the mild steel sold in the market before use in structural work.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This project will cover the laboratory test that will be carried out on various diameter of mild steel specimen to check for their characteristic strength, tensile strength test and physical examination of the diameter of various specimens would be carried out using Vanier caliper.
1.6 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
The methods used in carrying out this project include procurement of material, preparation of specimens, testing of specimens, analysis of result, conclusion and recommendation.
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