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CHAPTER ONE
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
People in all continents of the world have long applied politics and imbibed infusions of hundreds (if not thousands) of indigenous plants dating back to prehistorical period (Duke and Wain, 1981; Nostro et al., 2000). Till date natural plants of various types are used in traditional African medicine for providing healing to various ailments even before and after the spread of modern and scientific medicine. Attempts have been made to justify on a scientific basis, the practice of African traditional medicine (Iwu et al., 1987).
Vernonia amygdalina, variously known as bitter leaf (English), oriwo (Edo), ndole (French), Ewuro (Yoruba), Shiwaka (Hausa) and Onugbu (Igbo) (Igile et al., 1995). The leaves are dark green coloured with a characteristic odour and a bitter taste.
The species is indigenous to tropical Africa and is found wild or cultivated all over sub-Saharan Africa (Bosch et al., 2005). It belongs to the family of Asteraceae and it’s a highly appreciated vegetable in west and central African where it’s commonly used in traditional medicine. Leaf decoctions are used to treat fever, malaria, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis and cough as a laxative and as fertility inducer (Ijeh et al., 1996).
In Zimbabwe the root infusion is used to treat sexually transmitted diseases (Igile et al., 1994; Ijeh et al., 1996; Akinpelu, 1999). Bark infusions are also taken to treat fever and diarrhoea, dried flower against stomach disorders (Huffman et al., 1996; Moundipa et al., 2005). The ash from burnt branches is used to control seed borne fungi (Curvulania, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium spp.) thus ameliorating seed viability and germination capacity (Erasto et al., 2006; Kaba and Jalingo, 2007).
It has also been used for braving beer as a substitute for hop (Awua, 1989). Also used to treat hiccups, kidney disease among others (Gill, 1992; Hamowia and Saffaf, 1994). Antihelmitic and antimaterial properties (Abosi and Raseroka, 2003). As well as antitumourigenic properties (Izevbigie et al., 2004). Other studies have demonstrated hypoglycaemic and lypolipidaemic effects of the leaf extract in experimental animals (Akah and Okafor, 1992; Nwanjo, 2005).
Evaluation of this plant for its chemical and nutritional composition shows that it has fungi toxic properties, containing large amount of thiamine, pyridoxine, ascorbic acid, glycine, cysteine and casein hydrolysate (Alabi et al., 2005). Photochemical screening of Vernonia amygdalina showed the presence of steroid (Alabi et al., 2005).
Steroid such as androgen and estrogens have been shown to contain fertility properties necessary for the improvement and production of reproductive organs (Eik et al., 1965). Garcinia kola, also known as bitter kola contains antibacterial properties, according to clinical data (Tella, 1986). They are effective in the treatment of infectious disease while simultaneously mitigating many of the side effects that are often associated with synthetic antimicrobials (Iwu, 1993). They are effective, yet gentle. They exhibit response to specific organs or systems in the body.
Bitter kola does not possess toxins (Adaramoye et al., 2009). In the united states, bitter kola is termed as ‘miracle drug’ (Adaramoye et al., 2009). Garcinia kola has been shown to be a popular treatment for diarrhoea and fever (Sofowora et al., 1996).
The seed extract is antiseptic and is active mostly against gram positive bacteria, while the leaf is active mostly against gram negative bacteria (Sofowora et al., 1996). It is also very efficacious for hepatitis (Sofowora et al., 1996). In West Africa, is now being harnessed as a cure for the Ebola virus infections and also against flu (Iwu et al., 1993).
The stem bark and the seeds are used for acute fever, inflammation of the respiratory tract and throat infections. Historically, Nigerians use Garcinia kola as an aphrodisiac (Iwu, 1993) The seeds are also chewed to relieve hoarseness of voice, sore throat and cough. In folk medicine the seed used for the treatment of liver disorders (Brazzaville, 1976).
It is also used in the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea (Irrine, 1981). The leaves are used for stomach ache and pains and is also anti-helmetic. They also serve as good remedy for typhoid fever (Gill, 1992). The seed and leaf of bitter kola are complex mixture of bioflavonoid and prenylated benzophenones (Odebiyi and Safowara, 1978).
They have anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-heptotoxic properties. There are many pharmacological effects demonstrated for Garcinia bioflavonoid (Tella, 1986). Recently, two new chromanols, garcinnoic acid, Garcinial, together with 8- tocotrienol were reported. Garcinia kola also contains tannins, cardiac glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, hydroxymethyl antraquinones, phlobatannins, polyphenols, glycosides and reducing compounds (Ebanu et al., 1991).
Escherichia coli is a gram–negative, rod–shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm blooded organism (Endotherms). Most Escherichia coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in humans and are commonly responsible for productive calls due to food contamination.
The harmless strains are part of the normal flota of the gut and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2 and by preventing the establishment of pathogenic bacteria within the intestine. They are facultative, anaerobic and non sporulating cells which live in the digestive tract and is the most common organism that causes urinary tract infections and has been associated with many food borne outbreaks in beef and most common cause of traveller’s diarrhoea. (Hudault et al., 2001).
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium frequently found in human respiratory tract and on the skin. Is a gram positive cluster forming coccal, non motile, non spore forming facultative anaerobes, fermentation of glucose produces mainly lactic acid, ferment manifold, catalase positive (produce the enzyme catalase) coagulase positive, golden yellow colony on agar, normal flora of humans, causing a wide range of suppurative infections, as well as food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome and a common cause of skin infection e.g boils, respiratory disorders e.g sinusitis (Cenci-Goga et al., 2003).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The evaluation of the phytochemicals in the leaves extract of both plants and antibacterial effect will help in the treatment of gastroenteritis and other pathogenic diseases. Bacterial infection has been a great threat to human life (Kafaru, 1994).
The need for herbal treatment becomes a necessity. The active ingredients found in both Vernonia amygdalina and Garcinia kola leaves extract inhibit greatly the life processes of microbes, especially the disease causing ones (Garrod et al., 1995).
The active components are normally extracted from all plant structures, but the concentration of these components vary from structure to structure. However, parts known to contain the highest concentration are preferred for therapeutic purposes and it can either be the leaves, stems, barks, roots etc (Kafarau, 1994). Pharmacological evaluation is necessary for the isolation of the therapeutic antibacterial from plants for future challenges.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The comparative studies of the antibacterial activities of the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina and seed of Garcinia kola and the active components found in both plants is necessary for the treatment of life – threatening diseases to human. The antibacterial effects on the isolated organisms will entail that certain pathogenic organisms can be inhibited which may be a threat to human life.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY
Medicinal plants are widely used in African countries to treat different type of bacterial and fungal disease (Gill, 2000). The Comparative antibacterial study of the leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Garcinia kola is necessary in order to gain insight into their acceptability in therapeutic and medicinal use.
Due to the medicinal properties of both plants, comparative study is necessary so as to determine which is better to consume and to determine the efficacy of the plant when used individually and in combined form or state.
AIM
The present research work is aimed at determining the antibacterial activities test of the methanolic leave extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Garcinia kola against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
1.6 OBJECTIVES
To undertake photochemical screening for the presence of active components.
To determine the M.I.C (minimum inhibitory concentration) of both the seed of Garcinia kola and leaf of Vernonia amygdalina extract.
To determine the M.B.C (minimum bacteriocidal concentration of both the seed of Garcinia Kola and leaf of Vernonia amygdalina extract.
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