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CHAPTER ONE
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Water is an essential resource for living system, industrial processes, agricultural production and domestic uses. Potable water is becoming scares as a result of pollution of water bodies by heavy metal and other contaminates (Lwulgo and Arch, 2003). Water covers about 71% of the earth surface and about 60% of human body, a very small amount of the earth’s water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured product (Lwulgo and Arcy, 2003).
Water move continually through a cycle of evaporation, transpiration, precipitation and run off, eventually reaching the sea. Potable drinking water is a necessity to human and other life and access to safe drinking water has improved steadily and substantially over the last decade in almost every part of the world (WHO and UNICEF, 2005).
The lack of safe drinking water and adequate sanitation measure could also lead to a number of disease such as dysentery, salmonellosis, shigellosis and typhoid, and every year millions of lives are claimed in developing countries (Lwulgo and Arcy, 2003).
Heavy metals are persistent environmental contaminant and are at least five times denser than water, as such they cannot be metabolized by the body and are stable and bio-accumulative (Es’haghi, etal., 2011). These toxic metals are sometime passed up to food chain, to humans and they have toxic effect on the environment and life in aquatic system some of these metals include mercury, cadmium, chromium, lead, arsenic, copper, nickel and platinium etc (Es’haghi, etal., 2011).
Heavy metal enters the environment through natural and anthropogenic means. Such sources include natural weathering of the earth’s crust, mining, soil erosion, industrial discharge and a number of others (Ming-Ho, 2005).
Heavy metals refer to any metallic element that has a relative high density that is five times denser than water and is toxic or poisonous even at low concentration (Lenntech, 2004). Lead is one such heavy metal and the most common of these elements that can cause general metabolic poison and enzymes inhibitor. It can cause metal retardation and semi-permanent brain damage in young children, lead has the ability to replace calcium in bone to form long-term replacement (Mahajan, et al., 2005)
Cadmium is extremely toxic even in low concentration and can bio-accumulate in organism and ecosystem, and it has a long biological half-life in the human body, ranging, from 10 to 33 years (Mahajan, et al., 2005). Long term exposure to cadmium also induse renal damage (Celik and Ehlenschlager, 2007). There is need to continuously assess the quality of ground and surface water sources, that’s why is a matter of great importance to analyze and quantify toxic agents in the environment (Oyeyula, 2006).
Toxic metals are mostly metals that form poisonous soluble compounds, in nature they tend to accumulate in visual and sensory organ of human being. Water meant for consumption must be free from chemical and microbial contaminant for it to be safe for drinking.
A drinking water quality guideline value represent the concentration of a constituent that those result in any significant health risk to the consumer over a life time (Awa, newsletter of American water work, 2001). And finding adequate supplies of potable water to meet the ever increasing needs, and maintaining it quality is becoming a problem on a global scale, it may be a problem to find high quality potable water at the required place in a good quantity (Radojavic and Ladimir, 2002).
Ground water pollution could be avoided when boreholes are located far from sources of potential pollution. Good borehole design is also important in the prevention of underground water pollution, during the construction process of borehole drilling fluids, chemicals casing and other materials may find their way into the borehole, thereby polluting water.
An open hole during the construction stage can also be a direct route for contaminants from the surface to the aquifer, thereby providing an ideal opportunity for chemical and bacteriological pollution to occur, also the possibility of borehole contamination in completing the borehole (Sajjad, 2008).
Surface dumping of both industrial and domestic waste materials are now a common practice among rural and urban dwellers. The quality of ground water, however it depends on the element present in it, which might have acquired from the rock through which it passed, while penetrating down the World Health Organization, WHO, has in 1993 set a quality guideline for drinking water should fall within the acceptable limit set by it (WHO, 2008).
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) technique has been widely accepted as the standard technique for metals determination since they offer satisfactory sensitivity and fairly low acquisition cost (Khalili, 2011). However the majority of equipment can measure only one element at a time (Trarley, 2004). Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) is for the quantitative determination of chemicals element employing the absorption of optical radiation (Trarley, 2004).
The presence of heavy metal in natural water has become a significant topic of concern for environmentalist; direct toxicity to human and aquatic life and indirect toxicity through accumulation of metals in the aquatic food chain are the focus of this threatening concern (Stumm and Morgan, 2007).
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
To determine the level of heavy metals concentration and some physical parameters in borehole water from selected areas in Kurmin Mashi in order to ascertain the potability of the water for human consumption.
1.2 SCOPE
The research work is limited to the determination of heavy metals, Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Mercury (Hg) and Manganese (Mn). And some physical parameters which include pH, turbidity, temperature and conductivity from selected boreholes water in three (3) different areas namely Mashi Road, Fulani Road and NDA Road, all in Kurmin Mashi within Kaduna metropolis.
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