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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dedication
Declaration
Certification
Acknowledgement
Table of contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
General Introduction
Background to the study
Statement of the Research Problem
Research Questions
Aims and objectives of the study
Significance of the study
Assumption of the study
Theoretical framework
Scope and Limitation of the study
Methodology
Research Design
Instrument of Data collection
Identifying the variables
Validation of instrument
Method of Data collection & Analysis
Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
Literature
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Civil Society and Democratic Governance in History
2.3 Civil Society And The Consolidation Of Democracy In Nigeria
2.4 Problems Affecting the Effectiveness of Civil Society in Nigeria
2.5 The Way Forward
References
CHAPTER 3
3.0 Democracy: Between Cynicism And Fatalism
3.1 Cynicism And Fatalism
3.2 State and Civil Society in Nigeria
3.3 The State and Civil Society: Nigerian Perspectives
3.4 Hegemony and Power in the Nigerian State
3.5 Defining Civil Society
3.6 Some Characteristics of Civil Society
3.7 Some Enemies of Civil Society
3.8 Despotism / Dictatorship
3.9 Civil Society and State in Nigeria
3.10 Democracy and the SAP Trap
3.11 Democracy and the Politics of SAP
3.12 Religion, Ethnicity and Democracy
3.13 Ethnicity, Religion and Nigerian Politics
3.14 The Nigerian State, Democracy and the Secular
3.15 The Nigerian State and Democracy
References
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Democracy and the Organs of civil Society
4.1 The Nigerian Bar Association
4.2 Religion and Civil Society
4.3 Democracy and the Common Good
4.4 Military Dictatorship, Civil Society and the Collapse of the Common Good
4.5 The Impact of Myownised Power on Civil Society and Democracy
4.6 Options for Civil Society
4.7 Cloning Civil Society
4.8 From Prisons to the Trenches
4.9 The Politicization of the Human Rights Movement
4.10 The Gani Fawehinmi Phenomenon
4.11 The Annulment of the June 12 Presidential Elections
4.12 The Role and Contribution of Religious Organizations
4.13 The Intellectual/Professional Classes
4.14 The Military
4.15 Engagement, Disengagement or Incorporation
4.16 Co-option, Incorporation and Rejection
4.17 Cloning Civil Society and Reshaping Political Space
4.18 The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
4.19 Commission for States Creation
4.20 National Electoral Commission of Nigeria (NECON)
4.21 Petroleum (Special) Trust Fund (PTF)
4.22 Council of Leaders of Thought
4.23 Earnestly Seeking Abacha
References
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation
BIODATA
ABSTRACT
The role of civil society in democratic sustenance in Nigeria is an indisputable fact of the nation democratic and developmental aspiration must be realized.
The installation of democratic governance was largely in part to civil society activities. However, there has been genuine concern as to the continued effectiveness of civil society consolidating democracy in Nigeria. This study is therefore a critical analysis of civil society in Nigeria.
It straights and limitation and how such limitations can be over some. In doing this, we made use of secondary data. Using the group theory our chief recommendation is that civil society can be more effective of they maintain a high degree of independence from the government.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Nigeria experience with democracy has been epileptic since 1960 when she got her independence from the British administration, 1999 will be the third attempt of the third republic is excluded as it was abolished even before it started) in coming to grasp with democratic ethos.
In each, practices widely accepted to be at variance with true spirit of democracy was perceived to be the major reason for democratic demise in Nigeria, violence, corruption, political association and very recently, godfatherism has not only undermined her democracy but has gone a long way to threaten it’s very sustenance.
Due to the way it’s been pursued, democracy in Nigeria has come to mean many things to many people. A lot of people have not been able to extricate on distinguish if from dictatorial regimes despite the fact that there are perceived elements of major characteristics of democracy. For instance, it has been alleged that in many quarters that even when elections are conducted, citizens are not allowed to go pass the voting process in having a good share in the elected government of the day (Adele, 2001).
The role of civil society is not only strengthening but also ensuring it’s sustenance becomes very imperative. However, civil society roles in consolidating democracy in third world nations has been doubted, this is because why credit must be given to them for ensuring that democratic transitions are successful, they lack what it takes to assure it’s continuation.
According to (Bondi, 1995), there are many factors responsible for this, lack of funds, depending on government and of course political polarization are some of the many reasons that has contributed to the effective weakness of civil society in third world nations specifically Nigeria.
Civil society is defined by (Diamond, 1999), as “The realm of organized social life that is voluntary, self generating (largely), self supporting, autonomous from the state and bound by a large order and a set of shared rules” the need to reexamine their functions in a organized state.
This is because according to (Diamond, 1999), it is distinct from society in general in that it involves citizens acting collectively in the public sphere to express their interest, passion and ideas, exchange information, achieve initial goals and make demands on the state and hold local state officials accountable.
Civil society is an intermediary entity standing between the private sphere and the state.
The lack of mutual set goals and exchanged information which has risen due to the politicization of civil society has rendered it so weak to hold state officials accountable. Third World civil society is no longer intermediary entity standing between the private sphere and the state, rather as earlier asserted lack of finance (find) has been by many to have been co-opted by the state in advancing their selfish interest. A good example is the infamous June 12, 1993 election allegedly won by M.K.O. Abiola.
Though it was adjusted as the freest of election in Nigeria till date, it was annulled by the military leadership of General Ibrahim Babangida. However, according (Chikendu and Kalu, 1996), the polarization of civil society especially as it reflects their geographical location (North/East-West dichotomy) especially strengthen the military resolves to be adamant to the peoples’ wish.
Nevertheless, it is believed that civil society have great role to play in sustaining democracy in Nigeria for as indeed all third world nation, if the concept of civil society by Diamond as quoted is true of third world nations, civil society then consolidating democracy in Nigeria for instance will be are instance will be a reality, but as already shown above, the role played by these civil groups have become questionable, given the constraints that hinders their effective organisation.
This research therefore, is very timely in that it will rigorously and systematically look at civil society to be of immense help in consolidating democracy in Nigeria by overcoming their weakness. Many reasons given for these weakness which ranges from co-optation of such associational group will be looked at. In other words, the problem, bedeviling civil society in Nigeria will be highlighted and prospects of s strong civil society as it helps to consolidate Nigeria nascent democracy.
Professor Bayart opined in essay and other writings of his as one of the most sympathetic scholars on the African condition. He first of all enters a caveat when he says from the onset of his essay.
The concept of democracy and human rights are the product of Western history. They derive from the value placed on the idea of the individual (as opposed to the person) which precolonial societies did not share and which was introduced into Africa in the wake of colonial rule (Dean-Francois Bayart, 1986).
There are, however, others who would argue that civil societies existed in Africa before the experiences with colonialism. We cannot progress with our reflections on civil society in Africa in general until we situate our study in the historical context of African experiences before, during and after colonialism. The issue of the role ad place of the state in pre and post-colonial Africa has been a source of intense contestation in African academic discourse (Claude Ake, 1981).
This was for him, the basis for the convergence of morals and politics. If morality and politics were inseparable or intrinsically linked, this was so because it was a necessary condition for confronting and resolving the human predicament. (Adele Jinadu, 1996)
1.2 Statement of the problem
The lack of an effective and viable civil society has called to question the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria. Therefore, this project work intends to look at the role of civil society can play in effectively ensuring the continuation of democracy in Nigeria, it will also highlight some of the problems that could mitigate against the mergence of a viable civil society and look at how the strength of Nigeria civil society could be enhanced.
1.3 Research Question
Most students of African political scene agreed on the fact that both ethnicity and religion are the most dangerous threats to the attainment of democracy in Africa. Ethnicity and religion has been a major concept in civil society, which raises a lot of research question on democracy. Such questions are: Does religion had a role to play in democratization process of any nation?
Such institutions as labour, the Academia, women, the Bar Association and student union. These institutions has it provided the leadership and the spark for the process of democratization to commence? How and why have these institutions been unable to offer the same leadership and dynamic drive in Nigeria.
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