Download complete project material on Crime Mapping Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Technologies from chapter one to five
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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CERTIFICATION. ii
DEDICATION. iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES viii
ABSTRACT ix
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION. 1
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.. 3
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 5
1.3.1 AIM.. 5
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES 5
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 5
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY 5
1.6 LIMITATIONS 7
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY 8
CHAPTER TWO. 9
LITERATURE REVIEW.. 9
2.1 INTRODUCTION. 9
2.2 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE OF CRIME MAPPING. 9
2.3 CRIME MAPPING IN NIGERIA. 13
2.4 GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES AND CRIME MAPPING. 16
2.4.1.  The Geographic Analysis Machine. 16
2.4.2.  The Geographical Explanations Machine. 18
2.5Â SPATIAL PERSPECTIVES ON CRIME 20
2.6 TOOLS IN THE SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF CRIME 21
2.7 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE 26
CHAPTER THREE 28
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 28
3.1 INTRODUCTION. 28
3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA. 28
3.3 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DATA. 31
3.4 TOOLS OF DATA ANALYSIS (SOFTWARE USED) 32
3.5 METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS 33
CHAPTER FOUR. 34
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION. 34
4.1 RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS 34
4.2 CRIME DISTRIBUTION MAP. 34
4.3 CRIME HOTSPOT MAPS 35
4.4 CRIME COLD SPOT MAPS 38
4.5 CRIME HOTSPOTS AND POLICE DIVISIONAL STATIONS MAP. 39
4.6 SHORTEST PATH BEST ROUTE ANALYSIS 40
4.6.1 Network Routing Implementation. 41
CHAPTER FIVE 43
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 43
5.1Â SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS 43
5.2 CONCLUSIONS 44
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS 44
REFERENCES 46
ABSTRACT
This study primarily focuses on the potential of using remote sensing and geographic
information systems (GIS) technologies for crime mapping and attendant management in enhancement of tight security. Criminal activities are common features of urban areas in Nigeria. Without adequate security as in advanced countries for enabling peaceful environment to achieve the eight-point agenda of millennium development goal (MDG) adopted by the government, is a nullity.
It has been observed that a large portion of the men in the Nigerian police can hardly ascertain the area of jurisdiction within their station or could define the shortest distance en-route station to specific crime areas in Owerri,Imo state, the study area. Thus, the police are far from being well and evenly distributed according to geographic spread, population characteristics or crime incidence.
Owerri, covering an area of 104 km2 and with a population of 401873 persons, is the capital of Imo State of Nigeria, and hosts five tertiary institutions each with a population of over 30,000 students. Crime surveillance and monitoring system/network in Owerri is highly undeveloped, while the local police and other security agencies appear ill-equipped to face the dynamism and complexity of crimes.
This study applied geospatial data which was geocoded using the geographic coordinate system. The results revealed the crime hotspots and the crime Coldspots with Police station. The result also presented the shortest route to all the crime hotspots. The results showed the service area of the security agencies from the buffer generalization and the proximity or distance from each security office or checkpoints to all crime hotspots. The project recommends siting police stations at identified locations to ensure quick and prompt response by security agencies.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Crime is one of the continuous problems that bedevil the existence of mankind. Since early days, crime had been a disturbing threat to his personality, property and lawful authority (Louis et al, 1981). The relationship between crime and evolution of mankind is considered a historical one as Cain (first son of Adam and Eve) committed the first violent crime when he murdered his brother Abel because of jealousy (Hafiz and Muhammad, 2011).
Today, in the modern complex world, the situation is most highly disturbing. Crime started in the primitive days as a simple and less organized issue, and ended today as very complex and organized. Therefore, the existence of crime and its problems have spanned the history of mankind.
Due to the complex nature of the subject of crime, its causes and consequences, various academic disciplines such as criminology, sociology, geography, psychology and demography study it from their own perspective (Hafiz and Muhammad, 2010).
This study involves manipulation and processing of spatially referenced crime data in order to visually display it in an output that is informative to the particular user (Bowers et al, 2001).
However, Australian Bureau of statistics (2003) states that crime is a multifaceted concept that can be defined in legal and non-legal sense. From a legal point of view, it refers to breaches of the criminal laws that govern particular geographic areas (jurisdictions) and are aimed at protecting the lives, property and rights of citizens within those jurisdictions.
Most of the crimes with which the criminal justice system is concerned involve breaches of State/Territory legislation that cover most offences relating to persons (for example, murder and sexual assault), property (for example, theft and property damage) and regulation (for example, traffic violations).
On the other hand, non-legal point of view would define crime as acts that violate socially accepted rules of human ethical or moral behaviour. As the moral principles that underpin the notion of crime are subject to gradual change over time, the types of behaviour defined by the legal system as criminal may also change.
Examples of behaviours that have been de-criminalized in some jurisdictions include prostitution, abortion, attempted suicide and homosexual intercourse. Other behaviours, such as tax evasion or credit card fraud, have been criminalized over time (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2003).
Crime mapping as defined by Boba (2005), is the process of using a Geographic Information System to conduct spatial analysis of crime and disorder problems as well as other police-related issues.
For further emphasis, crime mapping involves the manipulation and processing of spatially referenced crime data in order to display visually in an output that is informative to the particular user (Alex and Kate 2001). Chainey and Ratcliffe (2005) went further to show how
The United States’ National Institute of Justice championed the use of crime mapping in other countries like the United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa and across South America. Applications of crime mapping include recording and mapping police activity, information dissemination in the police force, identifying hotspots, monitoring the impact of crime reduction initiatives and aiding decision making in resource allocation.
This study therefore reveals the locations within the study area that are crime hotspots and areas that are Coldspots. Therefore, this project is a baseline study for security agencies for management of crime incidence in the study area. The study therefore adopts the concept of remote sensing and GIS technologies for mapping crime incidence and reveal areas of crime hotspot and safe zone areas.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Okechukwu (2011) reports that Nigeria is currently caught in the web of crime dilemma, manifesting in the convulsive upsurge of both violent and non-violent crimes. Notable in this regard are the rising incidents of armed robbery, assassination and ransom-driven kidnapping, which are now ravaging the polity like a tsunami and spreading a climate of fears and anxieties about public safety (Okechukwu, 2011).
The upsurge of crime has been ongoing as Nigeria has been on the global crime map since 1980s. These throes of crime for decades are traceable to poverty, poor parental upbringing, and greed amongst the youth; get rich quick mentality, inadequate crime control model of national security among others (Dambazau, 2007).
Currently, GIS is not frequently used for crime control and management in Nigeria. The Nigerian security agents, especially Nigerian Policemen, are not particularly effective in foreseeing where and when specific future crime occurs. Therefore, geography plays an important role in law enforcement and criminal justice.
This is probably due to the lack of awareness of the benefits offered by GIS in crime control and management in the country. Soneye (2002) estimated that a large portion of men of the Nigerian police can hardly ascertain the area under the jurisdiction of their station or define the shortest route from their influence to specific crime zones.
None of these studies to the best of the researcher’s knowledge addressed crime mapping and analysis in the study area. It was clearly stated by Soneye (2002), that the ability of law enforcement agencies to understand and decrease crime rates within a given area is largely dependent on their ability to understand and use their crime data they and other public safety agencies have accumulated.
This includes both historical information generated by previous criminal activity and the continuous stream of data produced by new incidents that develop daily. Then, Murray et al (2004) further stated that for police departments to effectively use this data, it must be recorded in a well-organized manner, made easily accessible and available in an easy-to-understand format that promotes quick decision-making.
This study therefore use remote sensing and GIS techniques for crime mapping in Owerri urban using a high resolution image and ArcGIS 10.3 version software for all spatial analysis.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
.3.1Â AIM
The aim of this study is to apply remote sensing technology to crime surveillance and control in the study area.
1.3.2Â OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study were;
- To identify the types of crime inherent in the study area.
- To create hot and cold spots maps of the study location and the vulnerability in the study area.
- To generate shortest route network system in the study area to assist in quick response of police to the crime hotspots in the areas.
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The following research hypothesis are to be used;
- HA: There is an increase in crimes in Owerri.
         HO: There is no increase in crimes in Owerri.
- HA: The present pattern of crime condition surveillance in Owerri is good.
         HO: The present pattern of crime condition surveillance in Owerri is not good.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
It is important to identify the link between land use and opportunities for crime in order to create safer living environments in cities. Changes in land use change urban form and this leads to changes in the routine activities of people, which in turn creates new opportunities or change existing opportunities to commit crime.
This link is supported by theories in the field of environmental criminology. There is a need for data and information in order to understand this link and to make decisions on strategies that are to be implemented for reducing opportunities for crime.
GIS has emerged as a powerful analysis tool to support the decision-making process involved in crime prevention. Mapping enables professionals to understand complex spatial relationships visually so as to plan effectively and efficiently.
Mamalian et al (1999), emphasized more on the significance of GIS when it was stated that many police forces, particularly in Western countries, have quickly adopted GIS in a variety of police operational situations and crime prevention initiatives.
Crime Mapping Research Centre (CMRC) conducted the nationwide Crime Mapping Survey in 1997 indicating that over 94% of the surveyed police departments with crime mapping capability used it to inform officers and investigators of crime incident locations; 56% to make resource allocation decisions; 49% to evaluate interventions.
The traditional and age-old system of intelligence and criminal record maintenance has failed to live up to the requirements of the existing crime scenario. Manual processes neither provide accurate, reliable and comprehensive data round the clock nor does it help in trend prediction and decision support.
It also results in lower productivity and ineffective utilization of manpower. The solution to this ever-increasing problem lies in the effective use of Information Technology (Francis et al, 2006).
The significance of this study therefore examines and maps out the areas of high crime rate known as crime hotspots, the areas of low crime rate known as crime cold spots and the spatial coverage of existing police precincts in these areas.
However, studies on crime mapping seem to be limited for Owerri. Hence, this study therefore uses the GIS technique to identify the concentration of crimes and carry out a network analysis to determine an appropriate strategy to prevent, predict and tackle the crime problems in Owerri urban. It is hoped that by adopting this innovative approach in combating crime, the spate of crime is drastically reduced.
In spite of the contribution of scholars in this area, this study was carried out using advance technology that has not yet been effectively used by the Nigeria Police.
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