Download complete project materials on Construction And Installation Of Photovoltaic Array System In Cooperation With Charge Controller from chapter one to five
CHAPTER ONE
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PREAMBLE
The use of solar (renewable) energy sources is expanding quickly as the cost of fossil-fuel rises and more people becomes concerned about the environmental impact of using and extracting fossil-fuels.
The sun supplies enough energy in a minute to supply the worlds energy needs for an entire year. Solar photo voltaics ability to harness and utilize the suns energy makes it one the most efficient and environmentally safe source available today.
The surge in coal use which accompanied the industrial revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil-fuels.
The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860’s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However development of solar technology stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economic and utility of coal and petroleum.
The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crises caused reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way the capture, convert and distributed solar energy.
Active technology include the use of photovoltanic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the selecting materials with favourable thermal mass or light dispersing properties and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
In 2011, the International Energy Agency IEA said that the development of affordable, in exhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer term benefits.
It will reliance on an indigenous, mexhaustible and mostly import independent respurce, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the cost of mitigating climate change and keep fosil-fuel prices lower than otherwise these advantages are global.
Hence the additional costs of the incentives for earl deployment should be considered learning investments, they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared.
Hence the processes involves in these conversions are related to a wide spectrum of physics, chemistry and engineering disciplines. Much effort has been put on attempting to increase solar panle conversion efficiencies. Encouraging results have been obtained.
However, and after over thirty years, conversion efficiencies of about 20% are not up to the initial expectations on one hand and below economics considerations needed to make solar power an economically competitive source compared with convention energy sources on the other hand.
Results from extensive researches in storages batteries technology so far, fall short from producing new generation of practical electrical storage batteries which have a better (charge/weight, cost) ratio than those of the good old lead acid battery or the nickel – cadium battery.
Working on the consumption that we have a particular solar cell with some fixed conversion efficiency, we are concerned with the optimum conditions for extracting the maximum amount of electric charge from the panel that can be stored in the battery.
It is purposes of this work to introduce a relatively simple electronic control circuit (charge controller) that can automatically distribute the electric current produced by a photovoltaic solar panel in an optimum way to extract the maximum charging current at all times depending on the light intensity.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The main aim and objective of this work is to install a photovoltaic array system in cooperation with charge controller use in office electrical and electronic equipments. And to also serve as an alternative source of energy in charging the existing battery connected to the existing inverter.
A successful realization of this work needs an evaluation of the performance of the solar panel and proper study of solar intensity with some specific periodic and locations.
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
In any designed and construction project there must be some certain procedure and components put together in order to achieve the aim. The project cannot be exceptional. Therefore, the major components are:
- Solar panel
- Charge controller
- Cabling
These are to be demonstrated. These are also connected as to be shown in figure below.
Solar Panel
These consist of solar cells put together in the panel to produce electrical energy. It can be connected in such a way that it will give more output depending on the requirement. The efficiency of solar panel views from 5 – 15 percent.
Charge Controller
An electronics circuit is designed, built and tested the circuit acts as a control circuit to regulate the process of photovoltaic solar panel battery charging process. The circuit is cheap and can be easily constructed, but we decide to use an already made type for maximum efficiency. The circuit operation is base on matching the solar cell terminal load voltage to the appropriate number of battery cell units to be charged depending on the solar light intensity condition.
Cabling
This is cable of different types and sizes used to provide connection from the generation source to the points of usage.
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