Bacteriological Assessment Of Medical Fomites In Selected General Hospitals In Nigeria is a complete downloadable project material from chapter one to five with references
ABSTRACT
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Nosocomial infection also called hospital acquired infection (HAI) are infections that patients acquired during the course of receiving healthcare treatment for the other conditions.
A total of 60 sample were collected comprising of 20 from each of three general hospitals which include kawo General Hospital, Yusuf DantsohoMemorial Hospital,Gwamna Awan General Hospital and the equipments used are sthetoscope, forceps, scissor, sphygmomanometer and pour plate method was used for isolating bacterial and biochemical characterization test for identification. Out of the 60 samples 31 were positive for the presence of bacterial contamination and over all prevalence of 51.6%.
the isolation and identification of medical formites showed the presence of Stahylococcus. aureus, Streptococcus spp, Bacillus spp, E.coli, Pseudomonas spp, Klebsiella and Salmonella spp, Gwamna Awan General Hospital had the highest level of 65% occurrence, Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital had 55% occurrence while kawo General Hospital had the least level of 35% occurrence.  Â
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Bacterial contamination of hospital equipment is one of the most probable cause of nosocomial infection. These infections are development within a hospital or other type of clinical cases facility and are acquired by patients while they are in the facility ( Singh and Killey, 2002 ). Besides harming patients, nosocomial infection can affect nurses, physicians, aides, visitors, delivery person, custodians and anyone who has contact with the hospital.
The centre for disease control (CDC) estimates that about 10% of all hospital patients acquire some type of nosocomial infection as a result of contact with some contaminated hospital equipment’s. Approximately 40 million people are admitted to hospital annually, 2 to 4 million people develop an infection they did not have upon entering the hospital.
Thus, nosocomial infection represent a significant proportion of all infectious  diseases acquired by human ( killey et al, 2008).
The hospital environment plays an important role in nosocomial infections, because it contains diverse populations of microorganisms. Nosocomial infections are those infections acquired in hospitals and other health care centres that first appear 48hrs or more after hospital admission or within 30 days after discharge following in- patient care.
They are unrelated to the original illness that brought the patient to the hospital and are neither present nor incubating at the time of admission (Muhammad et al., 2013).
There are several reasons why nosocomial infections are even more alarming in the 21st century. These include, hospitals housing, large number of people who are sick and whose immune system are often in a weakened state, increased use of outpatient treatment meaning that people who are in hospital are sicker on average many medical procedures that by pass the body’s natural procedure barriers, health care worker move from patient to patient thus providing a way for pathogens to spread, inadequate sanitation protocols regarding uniforms, equipment sterilization, washing and other preventive measures that may either be unheeded by hospital personnel and the emergence of the resistant strains of microorganisms ( Samuel et al., 2010).
The source and spread of organisms inside the hospital are important issues, human related organisms or the body normal flora, also found in clothing are spread through shedding during human activities. The organisms, which are particularly spread this way, including Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus spp, alpha – haemolytic streptococci and gram negative rods.
Environmental organisms such as Bacillus species, Streptomyces species and various bacteria of non. Medical importance , coming from other sources such as air dust, soil and water add to this collection (Osoro et al., 2008).
Nowadays the treatment of bacterial infections is increasingly complicated by the ability of bacteria to develop resistance to antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial agents are often categorized according to their principal mechanism of action mechanism include interference with cell wall synthesis, inhibition of protein synthesis, metabolic pathway , and disruption of bacterial membrane structure (Tayha, 2011).
It is documented that, bacteria, may be intrinsically resistant to more than one class of antimicrobial agents, or may acquire resistance by mutation or the acquisition of resistance genes from other organisms.
Acquired resistance genes may enable a bacterium to produce enzymes that destroy the anti-bacterial drug, to express effective system that prevent the drug from reaching its intracellular target, to modify the drug target site or to produce an alternative metabolic pathway that by passes the action of the drug.
Acquisition of new genetic material by antimicrobial – susceptible bacteria from resistance strains of bacteria may occur through conjugation, transformation or transduction with transposons often facilitating the incorporation of the multiple resistance genes into the host’s genome or plasmids (Freed, 2006).
1.2 Justification
Nosocomial infection pose a serious problem to the health care system and result in substantial  mortality, morbidity and economic burden ( Khodavaisy et al., 2011).
A survey sponsored by World Health Organization demonstrated a prevalence of nosocomial infection in developed countries varying from 3 – 21% while in under developed countries varying from 34 – 48. Similarly bacterial pathogens are implicated in most hospital acquired infections especially in Sub Sahara Africa.
The Centre for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) stated that the route of transmission in the nosocomial infection include direct and indirect route of transmission ( Garner, 1999).
The emergence of resistance to antimicrobial agent is a global public health problem particularly in pathogens causing nosocomial infections. Antimicrobial resistance result in increased illness, death and health care costs (Tayha, 2011).
As serious as hospital acquired infections are to a developing country like Nigeria, there’s scanty literature in this important aspect of public health, therefore this study will be under taken to investigate the bacteria profile and antibiotic sensitivity of medical fomites in general hospitals within Kaduna metropolis.
1.3 Scope and Limitation
The research was conducted within Kaduna metropolis in different general hospitals, which include Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital, Gwamna Awan General Hospital and Kawo General Hospital. The research was conducted from January to March 2018.
The research will be limited to determine the bacteriological profile and antibiotic resistance of some medical fomites such as clinical thermometer, scissors, stethoscope, sphygmomanometer and forceps.
1.4Â Aim and Objectives
The overall aim of this study is
To Assess the bacteriological load of the medical fomites in selected general hospitals within Kaduna metropolis.
The specific Objectives of this research are to;
- Isolate and identify pathogenic bacteria from the medical fomites.
- Determine the percentage occurrence of each bacterial isolate from the medical fomites
- Determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates
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