ABSTRACT
So far, mammographic screening is the only mode of detection that has been shown to reduce breast cancer mortality (Montazeri et al). Thus unless women are educated about mammography and mammographic screening, the goal of reducing breast cancer fatalities will remain out of reach.
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The aim of this study is to assess mammographic screening awareness of traders in Enugu metropolis, Enugu state using Ogbete market as a case study. A well structured questionnaire was used for this study. It was administered to 350 registered female traders in Ogbete market.
Data analysis was performed using tables and charts (descriptive analysis). The data collected was analyzed using tabulated frequencies and percentages. They were categorized in line with the objectives of the study; tables, pie charts and a bar chart were the statistical tools used.
The mean age of the respondents was 44.6 (range was 18-80years). 139 (41.2%) were aged between 41 and 50years, and are the most represented. Out of the whole number of respondents, 238(80.9%) had formal education and 67(9.1%) had no formal education. Only 87(24.9%) of the traders have heard of mammographic screening, and 32 out of them have undergone mammographic screening.
When asked the reason for not have undergone mammographic screening, 50.6 %( 161) responded lack of awareness or insufficient information, 2.2 %( 7) responded lack of advice, 8.8 %( 28) responded fear of cancer detection,
20.8 %( 66) responded lack of physician referral, 0.9 %( 3) responded cost of screening and 16.7 %( 53) responded belief. The result of this study showed that the level of awareness and practice of mammographic screening among female traders in Nigeria is unacceptably low.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Approva
Dedication
Certification
Acknowledgment
Tables and figures
Abstract
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Background of study
1.1 Statement of problem
1.2 Purpose of study
1.2.1 Specific objectives of the study
1.3 Significance of study
1.4 Scope of the study
1.5 Definitions of terms
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Breast cancer facts
2.2 Mammography
2.2.1 How to prepare for the tes
2.2.2 How the test is performed
2.2.3 Why the test is performed
2.2.4 Mammography types
2.2.5 Limitations of mammography
2.3 Awareness and knowledge of mammographic screening
2.4 Need for the society to be aware of mammographic screening
procedures
2.5 Need for mammographic screening awareness for future challenges
2.6 Factors affecting mammographic screening practiceand awareness
2.7 Calls for mammographic screening awareness among traders
and other workers
2.8 Steps involved in breast self examination
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Research design
3.2 Target population
3.3 Sample size and sampling technique
3.4 Tools for Data Collection
3.5 Method of data collection
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Data presentation and analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Summary of findings
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Limitations of study
5.5 Conclusion
References
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Mammographic screening refers to the medical screening of asymptomatic, apparently healthy women for breast cancer in an attempt to achieve an earlier diagnosis [1] .
The assumption is that early detection will improve outcomes. A number of screening test have been employed including: clinical breast examination (CBE), self breast examination (SBE), andmammography [1].
Breast cancer is a malignant tumour that occurs in the tissues of breast. A malignant tumour is formed from an increased number of cancer cells that develop in certain tissues and when left untreated can spread to areas of the body (metastasis).
Breast cancer can occur in both female and males but cases of breast cancer in males are rare, this is because male breast is rudimentary and relatively insensitive to endocrine influence [2].
Breast cancer can develop in the ductal cells (cells of the duct), in the lobular cells or in the lymphatic nodes that are located in the breast. There are three types of lymphatic nodes in the breast.
- Axillary lymphnodes found in the under arm area
- Internal mammary nodes, located inside the chest
- Supra or infraclavicularnodes, located above or below the clavicle respectively.
Breast cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer in women globally; it is the leading female malignancy in the world and now the most common cancer in Nigeria [2].
The peak incidence of breast cancer in Nigerian women is about a decade earlier than in Caucasians and about 57% of breast cancer cases in Nigeria occur in women under 50years of age[1].
It has been reported that in each year, more than 1.15million women worldwide are diagnosed with breast cancer and 502,000 die from the disease, thus, this disease remains an important public health problem [3].
In order to reduce morbidity and mortality rate and improve the survival rate of breast cancer patients, there is an urgent need to create awareness and encourage mammographic screening among the population.
Mammographic screening is relatively new breast imaging modalities in the developing world; however the capacity to perform mammography is gradually becoming widespread in Nigeria [4]
The screening methods being;
Breast self examination (BSE): Is a method that involves looking at and feeling each breast for possible lumps, distortions and swelling [1]. With the aid of a mirror, you look at both breasts paying close attention to their shape, size, and skin texture.
Then using the pads of your fingers to feel for any abnormal texture or lumps including nipples as well as the area beneath each arm. It can be practiced monthly [1] and if you find a lump or any change in your breast, talk to a health care provider as soon as possible.
Know that if you find a change in your breast, it does not necessarily mean you have cancer. There are many other less serious problems that can cause breast changes such as cysts, infections or injuries [1].
However, it’s important to report any changes you find to your health care provider.
Clinical breast self examination (CBE) is a physical examination done by a health professional on the breast to detect early changes.
Mammography is used as a screening tool for human breast using low energy x-ray with a high sensitivity in detection of characteristic masses and/or micro calcifications [3].
Each breast is placed in turn on the x-ray machine and gently but firmly compressed with a clear plate. This lasts for a few seconds and it’s harmless.
This pressure helps to keep the breast still and get a clear radiograph using lowest amount of radiation. It may be slightly uncomfortable or painful.
The recommendation is that women get a mammogram once a year, beginning at age 40[4]. If you’re at high risk for breast cancer, with a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer, or have had radiation treatment to the chest in the past, it’s recommended that you start having annual mammograms at a younger age (often beginning around age 30) [4]
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