This is a full project materials on Antibiogram Profile Of Staphylococcus Aureus From Urinary Tract Infections Of Infected Patients (a case study of some selected hospitals within kaduna metropolis)
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ABSTRACT
One hundred and fifty (150) urine samples were collected from suspected urinary tract infected patients attending various hospitals in Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna. The samples were collected using screw capped specimen bottles with the help of health personnel. Out of these, seventy three (73) were from male patients and seventy seven (77) were from female patients. When all these urine samples were cultured on CLED Agar (Cystine Lactose Electrolyte Defience), there was growth for fifty (50) isolates were gram positive cocci.
Out of fifty (50) isolates, twenty three (23) isolates showed yellow color on the medium surrounding the growth on Cled agar and these were also catalase and coagulase positive . All these isolates showed Haemolysis on blood agar medium. Susceptibility test indicates that the isolates were highly sensitive to Ciprofloxacin followed by Septrin, Erythromycin, Streptomycin, Pefloxacin, Gentimycin, Ampiclox, Zinnacef. There was no measurable zone of inhibition for two antibiotics, Amoxicillin and Rocephin, against these 23 isolates. Out of 23 isolates, fourteen (14) were isolated from urine samples which were cloudy in nature and sixteen (16) were isolated from urine samples of female patients.
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) refers to the presence of microbiological pathogens within the urinary tract and usually classified by the site of infection (the bladder (cystitis), kidney (Pyelonnephritis) or urine (bacteri uria). UTI can be symptomatic or symptomatic, characterized by a wide spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild irritative voiding to bacteremia, sepsis or even death (Nicolle, 2011).
UTIs that occur in a normal genitourinary tract with no prior instrumentation are considered “uncomplicated”, where as “complicated” infections are diagnosed ingenitourinary tracts that have structural or functional abnormalities, including instrumentation such as in dwelling urethral catheters, and are frequently asymptomatic presence of S aureus results from either a primary UTI or as a consequence of bacteremia with secondary spread to the kidneys (Stamm and Raz, 2009).
Asymptomatic unit is defined as the isolation of pathogenic micro organisms from the urine in significant quantities consistent with infection, but without the local or systemic genitourinary signs or symptoms. Many women experience frequent recurrent UTIs (RUITs), designated as either a “relapse” after treatment cessation with the pretherapy isolate or as a “re-infection” with a different organism after initial treatment cessation. Although considered to be a benign condition, RUIT can have significant impact on quality of life. UTI is considered to be the most common bacterial infection (Nicolle, 2011).
However, the incidence of UTI as a result of viral or fungal infection is considered to be rare phenomena. Though the infection seems to be harmless in the initial stages, the patient shows a variety of symptoms as the stage progresses and can lead to death in severe circumstances. Urinary tract infection can be a consequence of poor diagnosis and is regarded as the common hospital acquired infection.
Despite the fact, that 80% of the infections is caused by Escherichia coli, the involvement of other pathogens cannot be denied and one of the perpetrators responsible for conferring UTI are gram positive cocci. Gram positive cocci are gaining Worldwide importance and Staphylococcus spp are one of the major pathogens belonging to the cocci group. Pathogens associated with UTI are known to exhibit a properly called biofilm formation which is responsible for causing the infection (Nunillaev, 2009).
1.1 Statement of the Problem
Staphylococcus aureus has been a leading cause of infection in humans since bacteria were identified as a cause of illness and death. With the advent of antibiotics morbidity and mortality from Staphyloccus aureus has drastically decreased. However, S. aureus has shown a remarkable ability to develop resistance to the antibiotics used against it.
This ability to develop resistance to anti-microbial agents hasted, since the early 1990’s, to a worldwide epidemic of drug resistant S. aureus. Methicillin, introduced into clinical use in 1960 to replace penicillin, which had become ineffective in treating S. aureus infections, rapidly fell prey to S. aureus ability to develop drug resistance. Within a year of Methicillin introduction resistance rapidly developing to streptomycin, tetracycline and in some cases erythromycin (Kumin, 2006).
In 2006, Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a worldwide problem involving multi-drug resistant infections, increasing levels of morbidity and mortality and costing millions of health care dollars every year. Since the 1990’s MRSA infections have moved out of the health care in patient setting into previously un affected populations in the community.
The combination of S. aureus ability to rapidly develop resistance to antibiotics and its spread into the larger, healthy community makes MRSA infections a concern for patients practitioners, public and community health workers, and governmental leaders (Delcura et al., 2011).
1.3 Justification
Studies have shown that 5.5% to 8.3% of paients with staphylococcal UTI who go untreated develop secondary bacteremia. While a primary S. aureus UTI simply requires a course of oral antibiotics, patients with secondary bacteremia require intravenous antibiotics and multiple investigation to rule out secondary complications which include endocarditis, osteomyelitis and septic shocks.
In order to prevent Staphylococcal UTI, it is extremely important to have the proper antibiotics. An investigation was made here on the sensitivity profile of S. aureus isolates obtained from patients suffering from UTI against some commonly prescribed antibiotics.
1.4 Aim and Objectives
The aim of the project work is to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus from urine samples of patients infected with urinary tract infection in some selected hospitals within Kaduna metropolis.
The specific objectives are to:
Isolate and identify the aureus isolates from urine samples of patients with UTI complications
Determine the anti-biogram of isolates against some commonly used conventional drugs
Determine whether there is a significant difference in diameters of zones of inhibition of antibiotics against the isolates.
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