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Abstract
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This study was carried out to evaluate the antibiogram of bacteria isolated from the surfaces Automated Teller Machine (ATM) cards owned by the students of the Department of Applied Sciences, Kaduna Polytechnic.
The total viable count (TVC) of the ATM cards showed that Master card had a higher TVC count of 2.4 x 105Â cfu/ml than the Visa cards which had 2.5 x 104 cfu/ml. The bacteria isolated from the ATM cards include Staphylococcus species, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas species, Streptococcus species and Salmonella species.
The study confirmed  the considerable degree of bacterial contamination on ATM cards. The result of the various antibiotics test showed the various antibiotics the isolates are resistant, intermediate and susceptible to. Further investigations are required to determine the status of ATM cards according to their fungal and viral profiles and also adoption of proper personal hygiene methods should be encouraged so as to reduce infections.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover Page
Declaration                                                                                                                         Â
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Content
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
1.4 AIM
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE
2.1.1 Automated Teller Machine Card.
2.2 HUMAN MICROFLORA
2.3 ROLE OF FOMITES IN DISEASE TRANSMISSION
2.3.1Factors Affecting Contamination of Fomites
2.4 FACTORS INFLUENCING SURVIVAL AND TRANSFER OF ORGANISMS ON FOMITES
2.4.1 Temperature
2.4.2 Humidity
2.4.3 Degree of Dampness of Fomites
2.4.4 Types of Fomite
2.4.5 Types of Organism
2.4.6 Level of fomite contamination
2.4.7 Friction and pressure
2.4.8 Control and Prevention of Infections from Contaminated Fomites
2.5 Environmental and Surface Sanitation
2.5.1 Sterilization
2.5.2 Hand Washing
2.5 ANTIBIOGRAM
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION
3.2 LABORATORY MEDIA PREPARATION.
3.2.1 Nutrient Agar
3.2.2 MacConkey Agar
3.2.3 Blood Agar
3.2.4 Normal Saline Preparation
3.3 SAMPLE PREPARATION AND INOCULATION
3.3.1 Surfaces Swabs
3.4Â DETERMINATION OF TOTAL VIABLE COUNT IN ATM CARD
3.5Â INTERPRETATION OF MICROBIAL GROWTH.
3.6Â ISOLATION OF PURE CULTURE
3.7Â GRAMS STAINING.
3.8Â BIOCHEMICAL TEST.
3.8.1 Catalase Test
3.8.2 Citrate Test
3.8.3 Coagulase Test
3.8.4 Urease Test
3.8.5 Indole Test
3.8.6 Oxidase Test
3.8.7 Methyl Red
3.9 ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT
4.1 TOTAL VIABLE COUNTS OF ATM CARDS (MASTER CARDS AND VISA CARDS)
4.2 PERCENTAGE OCCURRENCE OF ISOLATED BACTERIA FROM MASTER CARDS AND VISA CARDS
4.3 ANTIBIOTICS SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM ATM CARDS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 DISCUSSION
5.2 CONCLUSIONS
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Bacteria exist everywhere in the environment and are able to persist or even grow on any surface. Although most bacteria are harmless, some of them are pathogenic, especially in people with weakened immune system.
Due to the on-going development and expansion of urbanization, as well as the increasing population, people do not have enough time to use traditional banking systems and have embraced new developments in electronic banking, such as automated teller machines (ATMs) (Kissiedu, 2002).
An automated teller machine (ATM) also known as a cash machine or automated  banking machine is an electronic telecommunications device that enables the customer of a financial institution to perform financial transactions particularly cash withdrawals, without the need for a human cashier, clerk or bank teller for a human (Rasiah, 2010).
In modern cash machines, the customer is identified by inserting a plastic rectangular automated teller machine card, popularly known as ATM card, which has a magnetic strip or a plastic smart with a chip that contains a unique card number and some security information such as an expiration date. Authentication is provided by the customer entering a personal identification number (PIN) (Hardy et al., 2006).
Today, the extended use of electronic technologies is considered a source of bacterial contamination (Rusin et al., 2002). In general, microbes can persist or grow on many surfaces, such as those found in restaurant kitchens and hospital environments, as well as on standard office equipment such as computer keyboards, telephones, cell-phones, and ATMs.
The routine use of these devices involves inserting the ATM card in the machine and using the fingers to enter the password. However, during the routine use of these devices, these cards can easily be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms and bacterial colonization as well as the development of bio films (Hardy et al., 2006).
The fact that there is no restriction as to who has access to the ATM facility and no guidelines to ensure hygienic usage of the machines makes it susceptible to microbial contamination (Gerba , 2005).
Formation of bio films on the metallic keypads of ATMs becomes highly likely, particularly due the fact that there are no proper cleaning regimen in place for most of these facilities (Neely and Maley, 2000).
Many factors have been shown to influence the bacteria transfers between surfaces, including the source and destination surface features, bacterial species involved, moisture levels, pressure and friction between the contact surfaces and inoculum size on surfaces (Femurewa and Darid, 2009).
As microorganisms responsible for contaminating fomites have also been shown to persist on environmental surfaces for varying periods of time, ranging from hours to months or even years, cross infection of microorganisms between environmental surfaces and a host has equally been established.
Therefore contaminated ATM keyboards can serve as routes through which ATM cards and fingers can be contaminated as well which can lead to food poisoning (French et al., 2004).
 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
To enable financial transaction, the use of Automated teller machine (ATM) for accessing personal financial accounts has become ubiquitous due to the upsurge in the availability of graphic user interface (GUI) systems.
The astronomical increase in the use of hardware interface such as ATM surfaces and cards has equally served as avenue for harbouring microorganisms acquired from the human microflora or as transient organisms from the environment (Femurewa and Darid, 2009). It is therefore conceivable that pathogens can be transferred between users who share the hardware interfaces or the Automated Teller Machine cards (Sharma and Anand, 2002).
As ATMs are generally positioned in open areas, they are highly liable to be contaminated either by the high volume of users or by other environmental factors (Sharma and Anand, 2002).). Because the ATM cards are usually kept in purses, wallets or pockets of users, they are not thought to be serious carriers of pathogens when compared with the ATMs but as users usually touch the metallic keyboards of the ATMs while handling the cards, it becomes highly likely that the cards can also be contaminated since no disinfecting regime has been advocated by the card issuers
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
The hand-borne transmission is one of the important routes for many infectious agents to spread in the community. Therefore the need for understanding the possible transmission ways of transmitting pathogens among the healthy persons has increased. In that point, shared items and frequently handled objects may be important issues for public health policy makers, due to their potential roles for microbial accumulations.
Although ATM cards have been used for some decades for accessing personal financial account, there is no data about the potential infection rises associated with them in the medical literature. It is therefore important to determine the antibiogram of bacteria associated with Automated Teller Machine  (AT M ) cards.
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