Download complete project materials on Antibacterial Activity of Psidium guajava Leave Extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Clinical Isolates from chapter one to five.
ABSTRACT
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Dried leaves of Psidium guajava  obtained from three different sites namely: Kakuri, Ungwan Rimi and Sardauna were extracted using methanol as extraction solvent via percolation. The leaf extracts were subjected to phytochemical screened, in order to detect the presence of secondary metabolites.
The extracts were further tested for antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, using serial dilution techniques. The results of phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannis. The results of antibacterial activity indicated that Staphylococcus and E. coli are sensitive to the extracts.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Title page
Declaration
Approval
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Content
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0Â Â Â Â Introduction
1.1Â Â Â Â Aim and Objective
1.2Â Â Â Â Scope of the Study
1.3Â Â Â Â Justification
CHAPTER TWO
2.0Â Â Â Â Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
3.0Â Â Â Â Materials and Methods
3.1Â Â Â Â Sample Collection and Handling
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0Â Â Â Â Results
4.1Â Â Â Â Table of Results
Â
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Â Â Â Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1Â Â Â Â Discussion
5.2Â Â Â Â Conclusion
5.3Â Â Â Â Recommendation
References
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0Â Â Â Â INTRODUCTION
Psidium guajava is an evergreen shrub or small tree in the family mytaceae grown for its edible fruits (Fatope et al., 1993) Guava has a slender trunk with smooth green to red-brown bars. The trunks are branched at the base and the branches drop low to the ground. The plant posses oval or elliptical leave which are smooth on the upper surface and hairy on the lower surface. Guava produces solitary white flowers and a berry fruit.
The fruit is oval in shape and green to yellow in colour. The flesh inside can be white, yellow, pink or red in colour and contains numerous yellowish seed. Guava can reach grow to 10m (33ft) in height and lives for approximately 40years. Guava may also be referred to as a common guava and its origin is unknown although it grows native in pars of tropical America.
The stem is thick, usually inclined and branched into several branches, drawing an open crown, irregular, with dense quadrangular twing. It has a thin bark, cream coloured with pink spots, which is easily removed in long strips.
The leaves are simple, with short petioles, oblong or elliptical, 3 to 11cm, long by 3-6 wide, bright green. Limbo bright pubescent undersides of leaves with prominent veins. He leaves have entire margins, oil bearing glands that release a pleasant fragrance.
The fruits are globase berries, sometimes ovoid, measuring between 4-15cm long by 4-8cm in diameter. Calyx persistent at the apex. Fruit are aromatic, bitter sweet and the pulp in viscous. Inside they contain numerous seeds, tiny, yellowish 3 to 5mm long. The fruit is dispersed by animals following ingestion and excretion, birds, turtles, pigs, rats, monkey and cattle (Fatope et al., 1993).
1.1Â Â Â Â Medicinal Uses of Psidium guajava
Psidium guajava leaves and ark are used as therapeutic mechanism against cancer, bacterial infections, inflammation and pain (Kaisee et al, 2004). Essential oil from guava leaves have been reported to have strong anticancer activity in vitro (Mahattanatawee, et al., 2006).
Guava leaves are used in folk medicine as well as remedy for diarrhea, also as well as the bark for their antimicrobial properties and astringent (Mahfuzal et al., 2007).
Guava bark is used medially as astringent and to treat diarrhea in children, while the flowers have been used to treat bronchitis and eye sores and to cool the body. The fruit has been used as a toxic and laxative, and for treatment of bleeding gums. The plant is used to prevent and treat scurvy; it is also used to treat hypertension. Ethno medicinal reports document use of the plant in treating malaria (Begum et al., 2002); Belemtougri et al, 2006).
The young leaves of the plant have been used as a tonic to treat digestion conditions such as cholera and diarrhea, flatulence, and gastric pain by using a guava leaf with decoction for oral administration three times daily. A decoction of young leaves and shoots is prescribed as a febrifuge and a spamsamolyic. Guava leaves are used to treat cough and pulmonary diseases. Young leaves are used to treat cough, they are used as an antiflammatory and haemostatic agent (Jaiarj et al,1999; Begum et al,2002).
1.2Â Â Â Â Nutritional value of Psidium guajava
Psidium guajava are fruits rich in vitamin A and C (Hassimotto et al., 2005). Guava is also good source of fiber which is known to prevent gastrointestinal cancer as well as lowering cholesterol level and allow for easy elimination of waste (healthaliclousness.com, 2008).
The mineral contents of guava include colour, potassium and iron. Guava contains both carotenoids and poly phenols, which are the major classes of anti-oxidant pigments, giving them relatively high dietary antioxidant values among plant foods (Hassimotto et al., 2009).
Guava is low in calories and fats but carry several vital vitamins, minerals and antioxidant, polyphenlic and flavonoid compounds that plays a pivotal role in the prevention of cancers, aging and infections (Peter et al., 2005).
Guava is low in calories and fats but carry several vital vitamins, minerals and antioxidant, polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds that plays a pivotal role in the prevention of cancers, aging, and infections (Peter et al., 2005).
The fruit is very rich source of soluble dietary fiber (5.4g per log of fruit, about 14% of DRA), which makes it a good bulk laxative. The fiber content helps protect the colon muscous membrane by decreasing exposure time to toxins as well as binding to cancer-causing chemicals in the colon (Aron et al, 1997).
1.3Â Â Â Â Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive coccal bacterium that is a member of the firmicute, and is frequently found in the respiratory tracts and the skin. It is often positive for catalase and nitrate reduction. Although Staphylococcus aureus is not always pathogenic, it is a common cause of skin infection such as abscesses, respiratory infections such as sinusitis, and food poisoning.
Pathogenic strains often promote infections by producing potent protein, toxins and expressing cell surface proteins that bind and inactivate antibodies. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant forms of a S. aureus such as MRSA is a worldwide problem in clinical medicine (Kluytmans, 1997).
1.4Â Â Â Â Transmission of Staphylococcal Infections
About one person in every three carries staphylococcal species, harmlessly on the skin, usually inside the nose on the surface of their armpits and buttocks.
However, the bacteria can cause problems when it filter the body through a break in the skin, such as a cut or gaze, burn or insect bites. They can also get into the body via medical equipment, such as urinary catheters, openings in the skin where drips are inserted and feeding tubes (Ogston, 2008).
Staphylococcus bacteria are usually spread between people through close skin contact or by sharing, contaminated objects, such as towels or toothbrushes. Occasionally it can be spread in droplets in the coughs and sneezes of someone carrying the bacteria.
Eating food contaminated with staph bacteria can give food poisoning. This normally develops after eating food, usually meat, that hasn’t been cooked or stored properly (Ogston, 2008).
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