Download complete project materials on Anti-Plasmodial Property Of Moringa Oleifera Seed Extract On Swiss Mice from chapter one to five with references
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Contents
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background Study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Justification
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Definition and history of Malaria
2.1.2 Etiologic and vectors of malaria
2.1.3 Epidermiology of malaria
2.1.4 Life cycle of malaria parasite
2.1.5Molecular cell biology and pathogenesis
2.1.6Diagnosis of malaria
2.1.7 Management of malaria
2.1.7.1Conventional therapeutic agents
2.1.7.2 Drug in pipeline
2.2 Traditional medicine
2.2.1 Control measures
2.3 Malaria vaccine
2.4 The experimental plant
2.4.1Moringa Oleifera
2.4.2 Social Economic importance of morning oleifera
2.4.3 Ecology and Cultivation
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Collection of plant
3 .1 Control drugs
3.2 Experimental animal
3.3 Materials and reagent
3.4 Extraction from the plant seed
3.5 Gas chromatography mass spectrometry
3.6. Experimental Design
3.7 Collection and inoculation of the parasite
3.8 Statistical Analysis
3.9 Presentation and statistical analysis of Data
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result
4.1 Parasite density at different concentration of the extract of Maringa oliefera seed
4.2 Percentage difference in parasitaemia inhibition at different concentration among
seed
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation
ABSTRACT
Malaria is an increasing worldwide threat, with more than three hundred million infections and one million deaths every year. Due to the emergence of antimalarial drug resistance, the continuous search for antimalarial agents. This study was conducted to determine the antimalarial efficacy of Moringa oleifera Seed extract in Swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei .
After extraction, phytochemical screening and gas chromatographic mass spectrometry (GC-MS) screening of the extract, the mice were grouped into six groups, five per group. Designated as 40% treated with 40mg/kg of the Maringa oliefera seed extract, 60% treated with 60mg/kg, 80% treated with 80mg/kg,100% treated with 100mg/kg and positive control treated with distilled water while negative control was given choloroquone.
For the period of 3 days at 12 hours interval. Parasite density was determine by preparing of thick and thin blood film, stain with Giemsa stain and view under microscope to determine the antiplamodial activity of the extract.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Since the beginning of human civilization, medicinal plants have been used by mankind for its therapeutic value. Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources. Many of these isolations were based on the uses of the agents in traditional medicine.
The plant-based, traditional medicine systems continues to play an essential role in health care, with about 80% of the world’s inhabitants relying mainly on traditional medicines for their primary health care (Owolabi et al., 2007). Medicinal plants are plants containing inherent active ingredients used to cure disease or relieve pain (Okigbo et al., 2008).
The medicinal properties of plants could be based on the antioxidant, antimicrobial antipyretic effects of the phytochemicals in them (Cowman, 1999; Adesokan et al., 2008). The ancient texts like Rig Veda (4500-1600 BC) and Atharva Veda mention the use of several plants as medicine.
The books on ayurvedic medicine such as Charaka Samhita and Susruta Samhita refer to the use of more than 700 herbs (Jain, 1968). According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 1977) “a medicinal plant” is any plant, which in one or more of its organ contains substances that can be used for the therapeutic purposes (Okigbo, 2009). The term “herbal drug” determines the part/parts of a plant (leaves, flowers, seed, roots, barks, stems, etc.) used for preparing medicines.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Malaria is a potentially deadly parasitic disease of global public health relevance. The infection is known to cause death and illness in children and adults, especially in tropical countries. In Nigeria, malaria is termed to be endemic and perennial in all parts, with seasonal variations more pronounced in the Northern part (Caraballo, 2014).
According to the 2010 national census, 24.2 million Ghanaians are at risk of malaria infection. Children under five years and pregnant women however stand a higher risk of severe illness due to declined immunity (WHO, 2014). The control of malaria requires an integrated approach, including prevention, which deals primarily with vector control and prompt treatment with effective anti-malarial (WHO, 2014).
Management of malaria has seen a lot of changes, mainly as a result of resistance development of P. falciparum against anti-malarials in use. For instance, Chloroquine, which used to be one of the most effective drugs, has now been proven to be ineffective in malaria treatment (Greenwood et al., 2010).
Currently, WHO recommends a combination therapy involving any of the artemisinins and other classes of antimalarials for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria (WHO, 2014).
Some of the recommended combinations include, Artesunate -Amodiaquine, Artemether – Lumefantrine, Atovaquone-Proguanil, Chloroquine-Proguanil, and Mefloquine– Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine (CDC, 2016).
A school of thought holds that, the solution to plasmodial resistance development rests in the use of traditional medicinal plants (Liu et al., 2010). Several authors have documented medicinal plants that are used in the treatment of malaria in Ghana and other African countries (Cox, 2010).
The story behind the discovery of the artemisinins, as an example, seeks to provide a head way in the discovery of bioactive constituents from medicinal plants for combating malaria (Cox, 2010).
Armed with information from successful traditional treatments of malaria, it is possible to discover novel compounds from plants that could be developed into potent antimalarials. This study was thus carried out to determine the antiplasmodium activities of extract from the seed of Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae).
1.3 Justification of the study
In sub-Saharan Africa, infectious diseases remain the predominant cause of illness and death. Plasmodium falciparum malaria alone causes an estimated 1 million deaths annually (Lopez et al., 2009). Malaria remains the most serious and widespread protozoal infection of humans. Over 40% of the world’s population is at risk of contracting malaria, which is endemic in 91 countries, mostly developing.
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