Download complete project materials on Determination of Heavy Metals In Children’s Fruit And Milk Drinks Using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)
TABLE OF CONTENT
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CONTENT
Title Page
Declaration
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
Background of Study 1
1.1 Differences between Fruit Juice and Fruit Drink
Analytical Methods for Heavy Metals Determination
Atomic Absorption Spectrophometry
Aim
1.5 Objectives
Justification of the Research 6
1.7 Scope and Limitation
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Metals
2.2 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Method
3.1 Materials
3.2 Reagents
3.3 Sample collection and preparation
3.4 Digestion of samples
3.5 Heavy metal analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results
4.1 Calibration Curves
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1.1 Concentration of Lead (Pb) in Fruit and Milk Drinks
5.1.2 Concentration of Cadmium (Cd) in Fruit and Milk Drinks
5.1.3 Concentration of Nickel in Fruit and Milk Drinks
5.1.4 Concentration of Zinc (Zn) in Fruit and Milk Drinks
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
References
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Fruit juices are becoming an essential part of the modern diet in many communities. Fruit juices contain nutrients as minerals, trace elements, vitamins and phytochemicals antioxidant. Fruit juices are nourishing beverages which in a healthy diet can play a major part because a variety of nutrients found naturally in fruits.
Juices exist in natural concentrations or processed forms. (Al-Jedah et al., 2002) Fruit juices are available in any place in the world in bottles, cans, laminated paper packs, pouches, cups and almost every other form of packaging. In the diet of most people, irrespective of age, it contribute to good health. In most countries, the hot climate means that the intake of liquids must be high to compensate for the expected losses from respiration.
All over the country Liquid consumption increases in hot weather.Directly available drinks become better-looking and important for Metro cities and towns and for seasonal consumers (especially in Northern areas) (Al-Jedah et al., 2002).
Vitamins take considerable role, since are vital for life; however the majorities are not formed by the body. The body needs vitamin C (ascorbic acid) to form collagen, cartilage, muscle, and blood vessels, and to help absorb iron.
Orange juice is rich in vitamin C, an excellent source of bioavailable antioxidant phytochemicals (Frank et al., 2005), and significantly improves blood lipid profiles in people affected by hyper-cholesterolemia (Kurowska et al., 2000). Fruit juices support detoxification inside the human body (Deanna and Jeffrey, 2007). Fruit juices are really recognized for their capability to raise serum antioxidant power (Silins & Johan, 2011).
Juice consumption overall in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and the US has increased possibly due to public awareness of juices as a healthy natural source of nutrients and increased public interest in health issues. In fact intake of fruit juice has been constantly related with reduced risk of many cancer types (Sawyer et al., 2003) might be protective against stroke and hold up the beginning of Alzheimer’s disease.
Certain heavy meters are known the pose serious threat to human health Systems in which toxic metal elements can induce impairment and dysfunction include the blood and cardiovascular, eliminative pathways (colon, liver, kidneys, skin), endocrine (hormonal), energy production pathways, enzymatic, gastrointestinal, immune, nervous (central and peripheral), reproductive and urinary that have lethal effects on man and animals.
These diseases include abdominal pain, chronic bronchitis, kidney disease, pulmonary edema (accumulation of fluid in the lungs), cancer of the lung and nasal sinus ulcers, convulsions, liver damage and even death (Hughes, 2008).
1.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FRUIT JUICE AND FRUIT DRINK
Read the Label
Aside from stating whether a beverage is 100 percent fruit juice, the label can be a wealth of information when it comes to figuring out which beverage is which. If the ingredient list on the label is lengthy, its probably a fruit drink. Ingredients are listed on the label in descending order by weight. If water is listed as the first ingredient on the list, followed by high-fructose corn syrup and a series of extracts, acids and sweeteners, the juice drink is not 100 percent (Rao&Talluri, 2007).
Sugars
While 100 percent fruit juice contains only the natural sugars from the fruit, fruit drinks may contain high-fructose corn syrup — a high-calorie, heavy syrup made from cornstarch. High-fructose corn syrup tastes similar to table sugar and costs less, which accounts for its appeal in the processed food industry. Because some fruit drinks contain as little as 30 percent real fruit juice, artificial sweeteners and flavorings are added along with the high-fructose corn syrup to enhance the taste of the beverage (Michalski, 2005).
Raw Juice
While most of the 100 percent fruit juices at the supermarket are pasteurized-exposed to high heat to destroy bacteria — unpasteurized 100 percent fruit juice is also available. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, unpasteurized natural fruit juices may contain bacteria, which can lead to food-borne illnesses. The same is true for raw juices sold in farmer’s markets and roadside stands. If you are unsure whether a juice is pasteurized, the FDA suggests you boil it before drinking (Niazi et al., 2009).
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