ABSTRACT
The methanol and N-Hexane extracts of Borreria verticillata were separately screened for secondary metabolites and the extract contains alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, phenols, terpenes, coumarins and saponins. The two extracts where found to contain alkaloid, phenol, tannin and flavonoids. Glycosides, saponins, steroids and anthraquinones where present in the methanol extract only while terpenes, cardiac glycosides and coumarins where present in n- hexane extract.
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Terpenes, cardiac glycoside and coumarins are absent in the methanol extract whereas glycosides, saponins, steroid and anthraquinones where all absent in the n-hexane extract. The extracts was also screened against ten human pathogens such as Methicilin resistant staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin resistant enterococci, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida stellatoideae and Candida tropicalis.
The two extracts showed growth inhibitory effect on all the microorganisms tested except Methicilin resistant staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin resistant enterococci, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi and Candida stellatoideae.
The minimum inhibitory concentration of the methanol extracts is 1.25 mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Pneumonia, Shigella dysenteriae, C.krusei and 2.5mg/ml for C.albicans, C.tropicalis respectively. The minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration of the methanol extract was found to be 2.5mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Shigella dysenteriae while Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis had MBC/MFC of 5 mg/ml respectively.
The hexane extract of B. verticillata has MIC of 1.25mg/ml for S. aureus while S.pyrogenes, E.coli, K.pneumoniea, S. dysenteriae, C.albicans, C.krusei and C. tropicalis all had MIC of 2.5mg/ml. The MBC/MFC of the hexane extract showed that all the organisms had MBC/MFC at 5mg/ml except MRSA, VRE, S. typhi and C.stellatoideae. These give some scientific credence for the use of Borreria verticillata by traditional medical practitioners.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Declaration
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Justification
1.2 Scope of the Study
1.3 Aim of the Research
CHARPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Ethno medicinal uses of B. Verticillata
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods
3.1 Sample collection
3.2 Preparation of plant material
3.3.1 Phytochemical analysis
3.3.2 Test for alkaloids
3.3.3 Test for glycosides
3.3.4 Test for Saponins
3.3.5 Test for tannins
3.3.6 Test for flavonoids
3.3.7 Test for steroids
3.3.8 Test for phenols
3.3.9 Test for coumarins
3.3.10 Test for anthraquinones
3.3.11 Test for cardiac glycoside
3.3.12 Antimicrobial screening
3.3.13 Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC)
3.314 Minimum Bactericidal Concentration and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration
CHARPTER FOUR
4.0 Result
Table 1: Result of phytochemical screening.
Table 2: Result of antimicrobial activity of methanol extract
Table 3: Result of antimicrobial activity of n-hexane extract of Borreria verticillata
Table 4: Result of zone inhibition (mm ) of methanol plant extract of
borreria verticillata
Table 5: Result of zone of inhibition (mm) of N-Hexane plant extract of
borreria verticillata.
Table 6: Result of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Of
Methanol Plant Extract of Borreria Verticillata
Table 7: Minimum /Inhibitory Concentration of N-Hexane
Plant Extract of Borreria Verticillata
Table 8: Result of Minimum Bactericidal /Fungicidal Concentration
of Methanol Plant Extract Against the Test Organism
Table 9: Result of Minimum Bactericidal /Fungicidal Concentration
of N-Hexane plant Extract against the test organism
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Finding healing power in plants is an old idea. People world over long applied and imbibed infusions of thousands of indigenous plants dating to prehistory. Human disease management in Nigeria history also provides evidence of the relationship of plants and medicine (falodun, 2010).
The medicinal flora in the tropical eco-region has a pre-ponderance of plants that provide raw materials for addressing a range of medical disorders and pharmaceutical requirements, collectively, plants produce a remarkably diverse array of over 500,000, low molecular mass natural products also known as secondary metabolites (founet, 2002)
the medicinal value of these secondary metabolites is due to the presence of chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The most important of these include; alkaloids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, steroids, phenols, tannins, anthraquinones, fatty oils, resin, phosphorous and calcium for cell growth, replacement and body building.
The discovery of medicinal plants depends on the experiences of the populace based on long and dangerous self experiment. Progress over the centuries toward a better understanding of a plant derived medicine depends on two factors that have gone hand in hand.
Ethnobotany (the study of traditional human uses of plants) is recognized as an effective way to discover future medicines. In 2001, researchers identified 122 compounds used in modern medicines which were derives from “ethnomedical” plant sources; 80% of these have had an ethnomedical use identical or related to the current use of the active elements of the plant.
Many of the pharmaceuticals currently available to physicians have a long history of use as herbal remedies including aspirin, digitalis, quinine and opium. Herbalism (“herbology or “herbal medicines”) is use of plants for medicinal purposes and the study of such use. Plants have been the basis for medical treatment through much of human history, and such traditional medicine is still widely practiced today. Modern medicine recognizes herbalism as a form of alternative medicine, as the practice of herbalism is not strictly based on evidence gathered using the scientific method.
Modern medicine does however, make use of many plant derived compounds as the basis for evidence tested pharmaceutical drugs works to apply modern standards of effectiveness testing of herbs and medicines that are derived from natural sources.
This scope of herbal medicine is sometimes extended to include fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal part, the use of herbs to treat disease is almost universal among non industrialized societies, and is often more affordable than purchasing expensive modern pharmaceuticals. The world health organization (WHO) estimates 80% of the population of some Asian and Africa countries presently uses herbal medicine for some aspects of primary health care.
1.1 Justification
The choice of borreria verticillata as the plant of interest in this project work is based on its vast ethno mechanical uses among traditional medicine practitioners in Nigeria. Therefore, there is need for scientific to ascertain the medicinal potential of borreria verticillata.
1.2 Scope of the Study
This research work is limited to the extraction, phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of Borreria verticillata using maceration method and the micro organism used in this study are Saphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin resistant enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Candida krusei candida tropicalis, Candida stelltoidea, Klebsiella Pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriaase, Streptococcus pyogenes.
1.3 Aim of the Research
To establish the ethno medicinal claim on the whole part of Borreria verticillata
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