Download complete project materials on Transformer And The Generation Of Current In Semiconductors
CHAPTER ONE
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
A transformer is an electrical device that is used for changing the size of an alternating current (a.c) voltage. It can increase or decrease the electromotive force of an alternating voltage, hitherto the current. In its simplest form, it consists of two separate of coils, the primary coil and the secondary coil.
The primary coil is the input winding of turns of wire and the secondary coils is the output of winding. The coils are wound round a soft-iron core. The soft-iron core consists of laminated sheets isolated from each other thereby increasing the magnetic flux around the core. This lamination reduces loss of energy in the form of heat due to eddy current induces in the core. (Anyakoha, 2010).
TRANSFORMER
Transformer is classified as step up or step down.
In step-up transformer, the secondary voltage is more than the primary voltage. This is due to the lesser number of coils in the primary as compared to the secondary.
| Fig. 1.1 A Step – Up Transformer. |
Step-Down transformer, the secondary voltage is less than the primary voltage due to the less number of turns in the secondary winding
Fig. 1.2 A Step-Down Transformer.
When an alternating electromotive force (e.m.f) or alternating current (a.c) voltage (Ep) is applied at the terminal of the primary coil (P) an alternating magnetic flux is produced in the iron core which links or threads the secondary coil (S). An alternating electromotive (e.m.f) of the same frequency as that of Ep is induced in the secondary coil by mutual inductance.
The same flux or lines of force, link each turn of the primary and secondary coils. Hence the total flux linking the two coils is proportional to their number of turns, Np in the primary coil and in Ns in the secondary coil. The induced electromotive in the secondary coil (Es) depends on the electromotive force (e.m.f) in the primary coil and on the ratio of the number of turns in each coil.
To use a transformer to increase an applied voltage, (i.e to make secondary coil greater than primary coil). Such transformer which increases or steps up the applied or primary voltage is called a step-up transformer. Hence in a step-up transformer the primary current is greater than the secondary current but the primary voltage is less than the secondary voltage.
Another type of transformer that decrease or steps down the primary voltage, it is called the step-down transformer. In this transformer, the primary coil is greater than the secondary coil and hence number of turns in primary is greater than number of turns in secondary. Thus, in a step down transformer, there are more turns in the primary coil than in the secondary coil and more current flows in the secondary circuit than in the primary (Anyakoha, 2010).
Core: Transformer core is made up high permeability materials (iron, steel, copper and silicon) which provide the low magnetic flux.
Windings: Generally transformer has two windings namely primary and secondary windings which are made up of high grade copper. The insulated trended conductors are used as winding for carrying high current. This insulation avoids turns contacting with other turns.
Conservator tank: This part is used to provide the necessary oil storage such that the pressure of the oil under heavy loads settles down.
The Bushings: This part is used to provide the necessary oil storage such that the pressure of the oil under heavy loads settles down.
The Radiator: This part is used to distribute the sources of light into different parts of the transformer. (Hindmarsh, 1997).
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