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CHAPTER ONE
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Bigman (1982), defined food security as a quantity measured by the probability that the quantity available for consumption by “poor” consumers does not fall below subsistence level. FAO (1997) defined Food Security as access by all people, at all times to sufficient food for an active and healthy life and includes at a minimum the ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, and an assured ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways.
Idachaba (2003), defined food security as access by the majority of Nigerians to food that is consistent with decent living and nutrition at all times.Idachaba went on to analyse the implications of his definition of food security. First is the emphasis on economic access that is the need for Nigerians to possess the purchasing power to be able to buy food that provides decent living and nutrition for their families.
The food security that Nigerians seek is food security at the level of the household and its members, the community, the ward, the Local Government Area, the state, and the country as a whole. Second implication is that Nigerians should have access to food regardless of whether the food is domestically produced or is imported.
This is consistent with declaration of the World Food Summit organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations on Food Security in 1996 which allows a country to attain food security through food imports that are financed by exports of other commodities. The final implication of the definition of food security is sustainability, that the food security we seek is not the food security of one year or of one regime but food security for all times.
Food Security is a necessary but not sufficient condition of Nutrition Security. Nutrition security requires simultaneously food, health and care. So, there is no way to achieve nutrition security without food security at household level. Food insecurity at the household level is one of the underlying causes of malnutrition.
All acceptable definitions of food security in use imply nutrition but only in the sense that household food security means that households food are consumed according to the dietary requirements of all household member their nutritional/dietary needs would be met. Nutrition insecurity may increase the risk of food insecurity.
This can best be explained by recognizing that there is a long and short term feedback from malnutrition to the capacity of providing food, health and care. Nutrition Status can be improved even if food insecurity and poverty continues to exist, through improved “nutrition supportive” decisions and behaviors or measures such as mandatory fortification of some carefully chosen food vehicles consumed by a large majority of the population to deliver much needed nutrients (FAO, 2009).
Maize also referred to as corn is a tall cereal plant of the Gramineae family of grasses that today constitutes the most widely distributed food in the world (Afzal et al., 2009) It consists of roots, stems leaves, flowers and seeds. It is grown in diverse regions and throughout the tropics of the world(Ajayi and Korede, 1991).
Its cultivation and processing are driven by the production of food and livestock feeds. It is also used for fermentation and as raw material for industry(Kushiro et al., 1992). As a cereal plant, it is said to have originated from South America but nowadays, its consumption is worldwide (Akobondu, and Hoskins, 1982). Infact, it is the most widely grown cereal plant, after rice and wheat due to its world distribution and relative lower price in comparison to other cereals (Addo, 1983)
Cereals are the most widely cultivated and consumed crops globally. In Nigeria, specifically in the Northern part of the country, cereal provides a major food resource for man. It is the major source of energy and protein in the diet of many people.
Maize is the second most important cereal crop in Nigeria ranking behind sorghum in the number of people it feeds. Estimated annual production of maize is about 5.6 million tones. In many developing nations, it is a major staple food and its consumption per capita is very high(Central Bank of Nigeria report 1992).
Maize is a multipurpose crop, providing food and fuel for human being and feed for animals (poultry and livestock). Its grain has great nutritional value and can be used as raw material for manufacturing many industrial products (Afzal et al., 2009).
Information of food composition data and its chemical components is important in nutritional planning and source of data for epidemiological studies (Ali et al., 2008). Several studies have been carried out in Nigeria on the nutritional composition of cereal, legume and tuber (Ajayi and Korede, 1991, Addo 1983 and Kushiro et al., 1992;) in most part of the country but little has been done on maize from the northern part of the country.
GENETICS
The domestic strains of maize used for food are classified as follows:
- Flint corn (Zea mays indurata)
- Dent corn (Zea mays indentata)
- Pop corn (Zea mays everta)
- Flour corn (Zea mays amylacea)
- Waxy corn (Zea maysceratina)
Research is being done to make diesel out of biomass.Maize is widely used as a feedstock for biogas plant. Here, the maize is harvested, shredded and placed in silage dumps from which it is fed into the biogas plant. The search for innovate ways to reduce fuel costs has unintentionally caused a rapid rise in food costs (Faostat, 2002)
1.3 TAXONOMY OF MAIZE
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Zea L.
Species: Zeamays L.(Biology of Maize, 2011)
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this research project is to carry out proximate analysis of five varieties of maize. This will be achieved through the following objectives:.
To determine the crude fibre, crude fat, carbohydrate, protein and ash content of Zea mays indurate, Zea mays indentata, Zea mays everta, Zea mays amylacea and Zea maysceratina
To determine the concentration of Potassium and Sodium on mays indurate, Zea mays indentata, Zea mays everta, Zea mays amylacea and Zea maysceratina
JUSTIFICATION
Food security in practice is not always understood in its comprehensive manner. The term Food Security, frequently, does not give adequate emphasis on the importance of food for better nutrition. Often, policy and decision makers give higher priority to food production while nutritional objectives fall behind (FAO, 2009).
Since, maize is the second most important cereal crop in Nigeria ranking behind sorghum in the number of people it feeds. This study seeks to analyze the Maize varieties obtainable in Kaduna market and analyze for their proximate/nutritional contents.
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