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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Juice is a beverage made from the extraction or pressing out of the natural liquid contained in fruit and vegetables. It can also refer to liquids that are flavored with these or other biological food sources such as meat and seafood (e.g. clam juice).
Juice is commonly consumed as beverages, such as smoothies. Juice emerged as a popular beverage choice after the development of pasteurization method allowed for its preservation without using fermentation (the approach used with wine production). (A. ward 2011).
Juice is prepared by mechanically squeezing or macerating (sometimes referred to as cold pressed. (Huffington post 2013) fruit or vegetable flesh without the application of heat or solvents. For example orange juice is the liquid extract of the fruit of the orange tree, and tomato juice is the liquid that results from pressing the fruit of the tomato plant. Juice may be prepared in the home from fresh fruit and vegetables using a variety of hand or electric juicers.
Many commercial juices are filtered to remove fiber or pulp, but high-pulp fresh orange juice is a popular beverages. Additives are put in some juices, such as sugar and artificial flavors (in some fruit juice-based beverages), savory seasonings (e.g. in clamato or Caesar tomato juice drinks). Common methods for preservation and processing of fruit juices include canning, pasteurization, concentrating, (understanding concentrated juice).
Freezing, evaporation and high intensity pulsed electric fields are being used as an alternative to heat pasteurization in fruit juices. Heat treatments sometimes fail to make a quality microbiological stable products. (Toepfl, s et al., 2007).
Juices are often consumed for their nutrient contents. For example, orange juice contains vitamin C, folic acid, potassium and phytochemical. (Franke AA et al; 2005).
However many fruit juices have a higher sugar (fructose) for example with grape juice having 50% more sugar than coca cola. (Hookedon juice.com 2006). Evidence for fruit juice affecting the rate of cancer is unclear. (Hyson DA January 2015).
Some fruit juices have filtered out the dietary fiber present in the fruit. In other cases, other ingredients are added. (Norris 2009). High fructose corn syrup, an ingredient in many juice cocktails, has been linked to the increased incidence of diabetes. High consumption of juice is also linked to weight gain in some studies, but not in others (Nicklas 2010).
The term “juice drink” is not defined in the regulations can be used to describe any drinks which include juice, however little comparable rules apply in all members states their respective languages (Wang CH et al; 2012).
In the US fruit juices can only legally be used to describe a product which is 100% fruit juices. A blend of fruit juices with other ingredients, such as high fructose, corn syrup, is called juice cocktail or juice drink (Jepson RG et al; 2012).
According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the term “nectar” is generally accepted in the US and in international trade for a diluted juice to denote a beverage that contains fruit juice or pure water and which may contain artificial sweeteners. (Faostat 2013).
“No added sugar” is commonly printed on labels of juice container but the products may contain large amount of naturally occurring sugars. However, sugar content is listed with other carbohydrates on labels in many countries. Some carbonated beverages, not describe as fruit juice (such as mountain dew or orangina which contain orange fruit). (Heyman et al; 2017).
In a controlled clinical study, regular consumption of juice for 12 weeks did not cause any weight gain in volunteers, but consumption of a soft drink did fruit juice in moderate amount can help children and adults meet daily recommendation for fruit consumption nutrient intakes and calories.
The American Academy of pediatrics says that fruit juice should not be given to infants before 6 months of age for children age 1 to 6, intake of fruit juice should be limited to 4 to 6 ounces per day (about a half to three quarters of a cup). Giving children excessive juice can lead to poor nutrition, diarrhea, gas, abdominal pain, bloating and tooth decay (Delivering better oral health 2014).
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
To produce mixed fruit juice from cucumber, watermelon and lemon.
To determine the acceptability of the product through sensory evaluation.
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