Download complete project materials on Phytochemical Screening And Elemental Analysis Aristolochia Elegans Stem
CHAPTER ONE
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INTRODUCTION
Aristolochia elegans is commonly known as guaco, duck flower, elephant foot, Dutchman’s pipe, calico-flower, elegant Dutchman’s pipe, Maori (Cook Islands): mokorã, Tongan: fue paipa holani, Brazil: jarrinha-pintada, pelican flower and is a perennial shrub cultivated as an ornamental plant in several parts of the world (Wu, Tsai, Wu, Lin, & Lin, 2000).
Aristolochia elegans is a perennial climbing vine grown for its distinctive pipe-shaped flowers. A native of Brazil, Aristolochia elegans has escaped cultivation and naturalized in a number of tropical and subtropical regions including Florida, South Africa, Hawaii, and several other Pacific Islands. In Australia, Aristolochia elegans has naturalized in parts of Queensland and northern New South Wales.
Aristolochia elegans favours moist, fertile soils and will grow vigorously and smoother supporting vegetation given suitable conditions. Habitats most at risk in Queensland are rainforest, creek and river banks or vine forest in tropical and subtropical regions. Small, scattered populations have also been found in eucalypt woodland and dry rainforest.
It is commonly associated with other weed infestations and disturbance. Aristolochia elegans is also a threat to the vulnerable Richmond Birdwing butterfly (Ornithoptera richmondia) that mistakenly lays its eggs on the leaves of Aristolochia elegans, which are toxic to the larvae.
In Queensland, Aristolochia elegans is declared a ‘Class 3’ weed, meaning its sale and supply is prohibited and removal may be required if it is present in environmentally significant areas (Petra & Steve, 2009).
Aristolochia elegans can grow from 3 m to 4.5 m high on supporting vegetation. Leaves grow 3–10 cm long, 3–12 cm wide on a 5 cm stalk (Kleinschmidt & Johnson, 1977; Weeds Australia, 2009). The plant has slender woody stems that twine in tight coils around other plants, fences, wires or other supporting structures (Langeland, MacDonald, & Duperron, 2004).
On young vines, stems are slightly channeled and corky, while larger vines are covered with fissured corky or spongy brown bark (McClymont, 2002). The leaf stalk is twisted with a stipule-like small leaf at the base (Weeds Australia, 2009). Damaged stems exude a strong acetone-like smell (nail polish remover) (McClymont, 2002).The plant is distinguished by broad heart-shaped leaves, each with a distinctive curved leaf base.
Leaves are arranged alternately along a climbing stem (McClymont, 2002). The yellow-green flowers are pipe-shaped, flared at the base, expanding out to a petal-like calyx that is mottled purple, brown and white on the inside, about 7.5 cm long and 10 cm wide (Kleinschmidt & Johnson, 1977; CRC for Australian Weeds Management, 2008). Single flowers are borne on leaf axils, with flowers located among the foliage.
The fruit is an oblong dehiscent capsule (structure that splits apart to release its contents) 4–6 cm long and 2.5 cm wide with six ribs. When brown and still on the vine, the capsules split along the ribs to release numerous flat, brown, tear-drop shaped seeds 6–7 mm in length (Hyde & Wurston, 2009; Sands & Scott, 1998).
Aristolochia elegans belongs to the Aristolochiaceae family of which there are approximately 450 species. Most are evergreen climbers from moist temperate woodlands and moist subtropical regions in both hemispheres. There are also some perennial herbs and shrubs (Starr, Starr, & Loope, 2003). The name is derived from the Greek aristos meaning best, and lochia meaning delivery, because derivatives from these plants were used to assist child birth (Starr et al., 2003).
Aristolochia elegans has been employed as an expectorant, an antitussive, an antiasthmatic, an analgesic, an antihistamine, and a detoxicant agent (Shi et al., 2004). Moreover, Aristolochia elegans is utilized as an antidote against snake bites and toothache, as a purgative, an insecticide, and as an antispasmodic (Jim´enez-Ferrer, P´erez-Ter´an, Rom´an-Ramos & Tortoriello, 2005).
In Mexican traditional medicine, this plant is used as antimicrobial, antitumoral, antidiarrheal, antipyretic, emmenagic agent, and anti-snake venom and for the treatment of scorpion poisoning [Jim´enez-Ferrer et al., 2005; Argueta, Cano & Rodarte. 1994). Alkaloids, lignans, neolignans, onoterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, tetralones, isoquinolines, porphyrins, biphenyl ethers, aristolactolactams, and aristolochic acid dimers have been isolated from the organic extracts or essential oil of leaves, stems, and roots of this species (Wu et al., 2000).
The hexane (Hex) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of Aristolochia elegans have proven to be moderately active against the venom of Centruroides limpidus limpidus, and the mixture of hexanic extracts from Aristolochia elegans and Bouvardia ternifolia has improved their inhibitory effects up to 70% (Jim´enez-Ferrer et al., 2005). On the other hand, Aristolochia elegans ethanolic (EtOH) extract exhibited antimitotic and antiviral activities (Shi et al., 2004; Wu, Damu, Su & Kuo, 2004).
In this research, phytochemical screening and elemental analysis of Aristolochia elegans stem will be carried out.
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
1.1.1Â AIMS
To carryout phytochemical screening and elemental analysis on Aristolochia elegans stem.
1.1.2 OBJECTIVES
1. To extract organic compounds from the stem of Aristolochia elegans using solvent of different polarity aqueous, ethanol and n-Hexane.
2. To carryout phytochemical screening (Saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and phenols) of different extracts of Aristolochia elegans stem.
3. To carryout elemental analysis of Aristolochia elegans stem extracts.
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