ABSTRACT
The isolation and identification of fungi associated with the spoilage of sweet orange fruits was carried out in Kaduna metropolis. A total of thirty (30) oranges samples were obtained from the three selected markets in Kaduna metropolis (Central market, Makarfi plaza, Kantin kwari market respectively) and it was transported immediately to biology laboratory in Applied Science Department Kaduna Polytechnic for analysis.
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The oranges were kept under room temperature and it was observed after two weeks for spoilage, each of the orange was cut into small segment and a small portion were inoculated on potato Dextrose Agar and incubated at room temperature and observed for 3 days after which the different colonies are observed and identified using macroscopic and microscopic appearance.
The fungal analysis shows that Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium salani, Penicillium echinulatum, Rhizopus oryzaee are associated with the spoilage of sweet orange fruit (Citrus sinensis) with frequency of occurrence of 14.3%, 14.3%, 42.9%, 42.9%, 14.3%, 28.6%, 14.3% respectively.
Ten samples of fresh sweet orange fruits, (three each from the three markets) were obtained and the isolated culture or each of the identified fungi specie inoculated on each of the freshly purchased oranges and it was incubated to check for their spoilage ability. The result shows that Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium echinulatum are the most active with rots diameter of 50mm, 50m and 35mm, respectively. And the least fungus isolated species was Alternaria alternata with rots diameter of 19mm.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Cover page
Title page
Declaration
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Content
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Aim and Objectives
1.2 Scope and Limitation
1.3 Justification
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 History and Origin of Citrus fruits (C. sinensis)
2.1.1 Description
2.1.2 Nutritional Composition of C. sinensis
2.2 Uses of Sweet Oranges (C. sinencis)
2.2.1 Culinary Uses
2.2.2 Medicinal Uses
2.3 Fungi Associated with Fruit Spoilage
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods
3.1 Sample Collection
3.2 Preparation of Media (PDA)
3.2.1 Inoculation
3.3 Isolation of Fungi
3.4 Identification of Fungi Isolates
3.4.1 Macroscopic Appearance
3.4.2 Microscopic Appearance of the Fungal Isolates
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
References
Appendix (I)
Appendix (II)
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Citrus sinensis, family Rutaceae, is one of the major commercial fruit crops that are widely consumed both as fresh fruit or juice due to its high vitamin C content and antioxidant potential (Gorinstein et al., 2001). The crop is mainly cultivated in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world in over 137 countries on six continents (Ismail and Zhang, 2004).
Brazil is the largest producer followed by the United State of America (USA), China and Mexico, Spain, USA and South Africa are the largest exporting countries followed by Turkeys and Morocco (Citrus Commodity Notes, 2005). Sweet orange is an important fruit crop in international trade next to grapes requiring excellent quality and shelf life attributes. Unfortunately, it is known to be attacked by several pathogens that affect the fruit quality.
In developing countries, where protection and proper handling of fresh fruit is inadequate, losses during transit and storage can represent an excess of 50% of the harvested crop (Eckert and Ogawa, 1995).
Spoilage micro-organisms can be introduced into the crops on the seed itself, during crop growth in the field, during harvesting and post harvest handling, or during storage and distribution (Barth et al.,2009). Most citrus fruits are in association with a variety of bacteria, and fungi, but due to a particular environmental condition, only a small proportion of the kind of microorganism(s) present will be able to grow rapidly and cause its deterioration (Alfred and Patrick, 1985).
Postharvest losses and decay of citrus fruits can be traced to infections that occur either between flowering and fruit maturity or during harvesting and subsequent handling and storage activities. Pre-harvest infections are mainly caused by fungal pathogens such as phytophthora spp, Collectotrichum glocosporiodes (Browning et al., 1995, El Ghaouth et al., 2002).
Isolation and identification of the pathogens are desirable in order to strategize the control measures with a view to reducing losses due to spoilage or infections (Singleton et al., 1992). Occasionally, a disease is caused by new, previously unknown pathogens that must be isolated and studied.
If the identity of the pathogen is suspected or determined and a specific nutrient medium that allows only the growth of that pathogen is available, then the isolation of that particular pathogen is achieved by growing a small section of infected tissue on such media (Isao, 1990). Ifeanyi (1995),
states that those fungi such as yeast and mould are mainly associated with the diseased and deteriorated citrus fruits.
Apart from mycotoxin contamination of orange fruits, the presence of fungi eventually leads to disease development in the field when the infected seeds in fruits are planted. The study was to isolate and identify fungi associated with post-harvest deterioration of sweet orange fruits in Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria.
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVE
This project is aimed at isolating and identifying fungi associated with spoilage sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis).
Objectives
To isolate fungi associated with spoilage sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis).
To identify fungi associated with spoilage of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis).
To carry out the pathogenicity test of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis).
1.2 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This research work is restricted to isolating the fungi associated with fruits spoilage and suggests the ways by which fruits can be better handled/preserved to reduce the level of contamination. The fruits of interest in this project research is Citrus sinensis. The particular area of study in this research are Kantin kwari market, Makarfi plaza and Abubakar Gummi Market all in Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
Due to poor handling practices in food supply chain, storage condition, distribution, that lead to deterioration of sweet oranges, subsequently established pathogenic fungi. This work is necessary to establish the presence of pathogenic fungi in the spoilage of sweet orange that is not fit for human consumption, and to educate the public on the danger of spoilage of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis).
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