Effects of Fixing Agents on Printing of 100% Cotton Fabric with Reactive Dye

Download complete project on Effects of Fixing Agents on Printing of 100% Cotton Fabric with Reactive Dye from chapter one to five

ABSTRACT

This project investigated the effect of the types of alkalis involved in printing with reactive dyes on cotton fabric. Selected reactive dye and alkalis specifically sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Sodium bicarbonate and sodium (NaHCO₃), Sodium orthosilicate (Na₄SiO₄) and potassium orthosilicate (K₄SiO₄) were sourced for printing on bleached cotton fabric.

A literature survey was carried out on both reactive dyes and alkalis, sighting passed researchers in an attempt to guide my findings. The practicals involve in the project were carried out in the Textile Technology Departmental laboratory. From the analysis of the results obtained, it was discovered that sodium bicarbonate yielded the best results in term of washing, rubbing and light fastness properties tests.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

ABSTRACT

 

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Purpose of the Study

Statement of the Study

Significance of the Study

Scope and limitation of the Study

Methodology

Definition of Terms

 

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Introduction

2.2     History and Background of Cotton Fibre

2.3     Physical Composition of Cotton Fibre

2.4     Chemical Composition of Cotton Fibre

2.5     Cellulos

2.6     Review and History of Printing

2.7     Review on Dyes –

2.8     Reactive Dyes

2.9     Action of Alkali Fixing Agent

2.10   Preparation Process of Cotton for Printing

 

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1     Introduction

3.2     Experiment 1

3.3     Presentation of Samples

3.4     Experiment 2

3.5     Experiment 3

3.6     Experiment 4

 

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1     Analysis of Result

4.1.1  Fastness to Light Sample

4.1.2  Fastness to Washing test Sample

4.1.3  Fastness to Rubbing test sample

 

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1     Summary

5.2     Conclusion

5.3     Recommendation

References

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

For several years now, printing is either done on a plain surface or a background (called immediate print) or on dyed background (called over print). However, printing on a white background of 100% bleached cotton fabric and the effects of fixing agents (alkali fixing agents) with reactive dye will be revealed in this project.

Due to the various types of textile substrates, printing is performed on, using various types of printing inks (dyes). It is often difficult to obtain consistency in the quality of the print from printed textiles to another, (Robyn, 2003). These complications were magnified by the difficulty in obtaining a quick drying, sharp and focused print in textile materials, generally when it is printed manually.

To overcome this complications when printing on 100% white cotton fabric background with reactive dyes, alkali fixing agents are used (Clarke, 1994).

Formally and popularly used alkali fixing agents are sodium hydroxide (NaoHeses other (Robyn 2003). s) used; it is often difficult to obtain consistency in the quality of the print from printed textile), sodium carbonate (Na₂Co₃), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCo₃) and with the invention of the newer fixing agents, namely sodium orthosilicate (Na₄S_iO₄) and potassium orthosilicate (K₄S_iO₄), an improvement in the quality of printing is expected.

In this research work, a pair of the older fixing agent (sodium hydroxide (NaoH) and sodium carbonate (Na₂Co₃)) will be used and a pair of the newer fixing agents (sodium orthosilicate (Na₄S_iO₄) and potassium orthosilicate (K₄S_iO₄) will also be used.

A comparism terms of the quality of printing will be deduced from the two pairs of fixing agents. Although for printing of high quality to be obtained on a white background, the following pretreatments must be carried out on the fabric to be printed on prior printing; they are singeing – desizing – scouring – bleaching – mercenzation processes.

1.2  The Purpose of Study

The aim and objective of this research is to investigate and determine the more suitable fixing agents among the two pairs of alkali fixing agents, that is sodium hydroxide NaoH, sodium carbonate Na₂Co₃ and sodium orthosilicate Na₄S_iO₄, and sodium potassium orthosilicate K₄S_iO₄ in printing on white (bleached) 100% cotton fabric with reactive dye.

1.3 Statement of Problem

This project will reveal which out of the two pairs of alkali fixing agents is more suitable for the printing on bleached 100% cotton fabric with reactive dye.

1.4 Significance of the Study

On completion of this project work, the findings and conclusions obtained will be useful to the textiles colorants and dyes manufacturers. And it will also contribute to the academic knowledge.

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study

This research work will be limited to the use of sodium hydroxide NaoH, sodium orthosilicate Na₄S₁O₄. Potassium orthosilicate K₄S₁O₄ and sodium bicarbonate Na₂HCo₃ on printing 100% cotton fabric.

The mentioned fixing agents will be used for printing on 100% bleached cotton fabric with reactive dye. The research work will be carried out in the chemical processing (practical) laboratory of the Textile Technology and Fashion Design Department of Kaduna polytechnic.

1.6 Methodology

1.6.1 Drawing of the design motif

1.6.2 Preparation of the screen

1.6.3 Exposing the design motif on the screen

1.6.4 Preparing the fabric to be printed on

1.6.5 Preparation of the printing paste (reactive dye)

1.6.6 Printing process

1.6.7 Fixation process by baking

1.6.8 Fastness test processes

1.6.8.1 Washing fastness

1.6.8.2 Light fastness

1.6.8.3 Rubbing fastness

1.7  Definition of terms

1.7.1  Fixation: This is a process of making dyestuff (print paste) and (textiles) to become an integral part of each either.

1.7.2  Exhaustion: This is the ability of a textile substrate (fibric, fabric, yarn and garment) to take-up all the dyestuff molecules present in the dye bath.

1.7.3  Baking: In textile technology, baking is the act of drying and fixing permanently print paste on the textiles at high temperature.

1.7.4 Fixing Agents: These are chemical components or substances used to fix bind together dye molecules on to the fibre molecule. They are usually used to improve dying and printing

1.7.5 Fibre: Is a unit of matter that is characterized by flexibility, fineness and high ratio of length to thickness.

1.7.6 Reactive Dye: Are the only dye which is capable of reacting chemically with textile fibres to form covalent bonds.

 

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