CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
PASS 2024 UTME WITHOUT STRESS:- 👉 DOWNLOAD and PRACTICE with 2023 UTME CBT APP 📱👈
CLICK to DOWNLOAD NOW.:- 👉 PASS Your POST UTME by Downloading Your School's Post UTME Past Questions and Answers 📱👈
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE REPORT
A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indication of fire. Commercial, industrial and mass residential devices issue a signal to a fire alarm system, while household detectors known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible and/or visual alarm from the detector itself. Most smoke detectors work either by optical detection (photo electric) or by physical process (ionization), while others use both detection methods to increase sensitivity to smoke.
Smoke detectors in large commercial, industrial and residential buildings are usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is energized by a power with a battery backup. However, in many single family detached and smaller multiple family housings, a smoke alarm is often powered only by a single disposable battery.
Some smoke alarms use a carbon dioxide sensor or carbon monoxide sensor in order to detect extremely dangerous products of combustion. Commercial smoke detectors are either conventional or analogue addressable and are wired up to security monitoring systems or Fire Alarm Control Panels (FACP). These are the most common type of detector and usually cost a lot more than a household smoke alarm. They exist in most commercial and industrial facilities such as high rises, ships and trains.
Conventional smokes are so called because they are the older type of smoke detectors. The detector communicates with the fire alarm control panel simply by changing state from high impedance to low impedance when smoke is detected.
Smoke detectors are typically wired together up to 40 detectors on each zone of loop and a single fire alarm control panel can usually monitor a number of zones or loops which can be arranged to correspond to different areas of a building.
In the event of fire, the fire alarm control panel is able to identify which loop contains the detectors or detectors in alarm but it’s not able to identify which individual detector or detectors is in an alarm state.
Large, wide area indoor spaces present a challenge to traditional fire safety systems in order to effectively detect smoke over such a space, complex networks of multiple overlapping sensors will be required.
Optical beam smoke detectors on the other hand are designed exactly for such situations – one single unit installed on a wall can detect smoke over an area of up to 1500m2 or 19800 sq ft. More coverage per detector means fewer detectors, with associated reductions to the time and cost of installation and wiring as well as lesser aesthetic intrusion. There is already a lively debate about the relative merits and drawbacks of different detection systems.
Beams in fact, can be much more suitable for some situations than other detection systems, and this thesis will explain how to get the best from beams.
1.2STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Some problems encountered during the construction like misused of some component and some damaged component bought unknowingly and after construction, it refused to work due to misuse of damaged component which was later pinpoint out and the issue was resolved by changing the damaged component.
Another problem encountered is in the programming of the microcontroller (16F873A). A lot of technicalities and syntax must be known and understood before writing the codes as well as the hardware architecture of the microcontroller. This makes the whole programming aspect time consuming.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
In today’s household, smoke detectors have been regarded as an essential item to safeguard and warn a home’s inhabitants of fire and other potential dangers. Nobody wants their home to be burned into ashes just because there are not indicator that a fire has burst resulting from leaks, overheated appliances, and other fixtures.
Some alarm help in significantly reducing the chances of fire hazards in your home and in the surrounding community. A fire tragedy is a dreaded situation and no one wants to lose a home just because of not noticing that a fire is burning somewhere in the house.
Fitting your house with smoke detectors is a huge help in eliminating potential fire risks.
1.4 METHODOLOGY
This project arrived at designing of an intelligence smoke detector with a plastic applied all round for proper finishing. The circuit was built with discrete electronics components including resistors, capacitors, diode, transistors, phototransistor, infrared emitting diode lm35, and microcontroller (PIC16F873A) as the core component.
SEE >> HOW TO DOWNLOAD THE COMPLETE PROJECT (CHAPTER 1-5) NOW
>GUARANTTEE|:| Score 280 Above in 2024 UTME👉 DOWNLOAD FREE JAMB CBT APP HERE:.: GURRANTTEE Score 280 Above in 2022 UTME👉 DOWNLOAD FREE JAMB CBT APP HERE 📱👈WISH TO STUDY & LIVE in UK?:- STUDY, WORK AND LIVE IN the UK Application Form NOW OUT. Call 08030447894
