Download complete project material on Design And Construction Of Four Junction Traffic Light Control
ABSTRACT
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A traffic light, also known as a traffic signal, stop light, stop and go light, robot or semaphore, is a signaling device positioned at four (cross) junction, pedestrian crossing or other locating in order to indicate when it is safe to drive ride, or walk using a universal color code (and a precise sequence, for those that are color blind).
Traffic light systems operate on a timing mechanism that changes the lights after a given interval 0f seven (7) second to120second one mega ohms (1M) depending on the traffic congestion on the cross junction road.
Stop lights are designed using microcontrollers, timers and sequential logic. This particular system is designed using a 555 timer, a 4-bit counter (4017), and a set of diodes called diode matrix. It is implemented using digital logic and Boolean algebra. Three traffic lights are placed at the four junctions to control on coming vehicles to cross the road when it is safe.
The traffic light system is fabricated to curb traffic jams, avoid hold ups and reduce wait times for both vehicles. Although the traffic light system can be modified to suit different roads, it is intended for a four junction with dual carriage way having relatively unequal traffic densities in all four directions and can easily be implemented in real-life situations.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Declaration
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 The Principle of Operation for the four Junction Traffic Light
1.3 Aims
1.4 Objectives
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Introduction
2.1.1 The Power Supply
2.1.2 Pulse Generator
2.1.3 The Decade Counter
2.1.4 Light Emitting Diodes (LED’S)
2.1.5 Logic Gates
2.1.6 Transistor
2.1.7 Relay
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 System Design
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Traffic Light System Configuration
3.3 Logic Circuit Design
3.4 The Counter
3.5 The timing circuit
3.6 Current Limiting Resistor for Led’s
3.7 Power supply unit
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Construction, packaging and Testing
4.1 Types of test conducted
4.2 Construction
4.3 Truth table for junction traffic light control sequence
4.4 Circuit component and description
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion
5.1 Limitations
5.2 Recommendation for Further Work
Reference
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
In the developing information technology world, everything is so improving time by time. Transportation is very important for every country. Advance in transport technology have brought benefits, but growing vehicle fleets and escalating furl use have also created problems. If transportation is clear, traffic jam and air pollution will be less. Moreover, by controlling car traffic, car accidents cases will be reduced in every country.
The intelligent traffic light that had been developed presents several advantages. Since the waiting time of the vehicles for the lights to change is optimal, the emission of carbon monoxide from the vehicle reduced. This will give a positive effect to the lights to change since it helps reducing congestion in the traffic intersection. Another advantage is that there is no interference between the sensor rays and there is no redundant signal triggering (Aye, 2008).
The normal function of traffic lights requires sophisticated control and co-ordination to ensure that traffic moves as smoothly and safely as possible and that pedestrians are protected when they cross the roads. A variety of different control systems are used to accomplish this, ranging from simple clockwork-mechanisms to sophisticated computerized control and co-ordination systems that self adjust to minimize delay to people using the road.
A traffic signal is typically controlled by a controller inside a cabinet mounted on a concrete pad. All through some electro – mechanical controllers are still in use, modern traffic controllers are solid state. The cabinet typically contains a power panel, to distribute electrical power in the cabinet; a detector interface panel, to connect to crop detectors and either detectors; selector amplifiers; the controller itself; a conflict monitor unit; flash transfer relays; a police panel, to allow the police is disable the signal; and other components. (koonce et al, 2008).
Traffic controllers use the concept of phases, which are directions of movement grouped together. For instance, a simple intersection may have two phases. North/South and East/West. A 4-way intersection with independent control for each direction and each left-turn will have eight phases.
In traffic control, simple and old forms of signals controllers are what are known as electromechanical signal controllers. Unlike computerized signal controllers, electro-mechanical signal controllers are mainly composed of movable parts (cams dials, and shafts) that control signals that are to them correctly. Aside from movable parts, electrical relays are also used.
In generals, electro-mechanical signals controllers use dial timers that have fixed, signalized intersection time plans. Cycle lengths of signalized intersections are determined by small gears that are located within dial timers. Cycle gears, as they are commonly known as, range from 35 second to 120 second (Robertson, 2006).
According to Paul Practor (1997) defined traffic “light as a set of colored light used for controlling and directing traffic”.
1.2 The principle of operation for the four (4) junction traffic light control
Under consideration can be described using the block diagram shown in figure 1.2(a). It consist of a power supply unit, pulse generator, oscillator, counter, logic circuit and the light display
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