Download complete project materials on Construction of Continuous Flow Calorimeter
ABSTRACT
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This project is focused on the construction of continuous flow calorimeter. Its significance is aimed at the need of it in the physics laboratory of the department of applied science, Kaduna polytechnic. The continuous flow calorimeter was constructed using the following materials, namely Stop watch,
Measuring Cylinder, Constantan Wire, Ceramic (Insulator), Rubber Bung, Double Walled Cylindrical Glass, Wood, Connecting Terminals, Rheostat, switch, Ammeter, Voltmeter (12V), thermometer (0-1000C). The project also focused on the types of calorimeters which include Bomb, differential, Scanning, Isothermal, titration and coffee cup calorimeter that helps in the determination of specific heat capacity (SHC) of liquids.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENTS
Title page
Declaration
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Background of the study
Aims and Objectives
Significance of the Study
Scope of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Types and Application of Calorimeter
2.1.1 Bomb Calorimeter
2.1.1.1Working Principle of Bomb Calorimeter
2.1.1.2Application of Bomb Calorimeter
2.1.2 Differential Scanning Calorimeter
2.1.2.1 Working Principle of Differential Scanning Calorimeter
2.1.2.2 Application of Differential Scanning Calorimeter
2.1.3 Isothermal Titration Calorimeter
2.1.3.1 Working Principle of Isothermal Titration Calorimeter
2.1.3.2 Application of Isothermal Titration Calorimeter
2.1.4 Coffee Cup Calorimeter
2.1.4.1 Working Principle of Coffee Cup Calorimeter
2.1.4.2 Application of Coffee Cup Calorimeter
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Materials and Methods
3.1 Materials
3.2 Methodology for the Construction
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Testing and Result
4.1 Testing
4.1 Table of Result
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
Appendix I and II
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A calorimeter is an instrument which determines heat effect in it by direct measurement of temperature. The idea of the project is to construct a continuous flow calorimeter using calendar and Barnes apparatus which is based on the determination of specific heat capacity of a substance. A calorimeter is generally used to measure the amount of heat energy and use that to calculate the specific heat capacity of a substance (Lavoisier, 1780)
A widely accepted standard reference material used in many calorimeters is water because it has a high and precisely measured heat capacity and is easy to work with and is readily available. A simple type of calorimeter would consist of an insulated container of water with a thermometer fixed in the water (Lavoisier and Laplace, 1780). Calorimeter measurement applies 3 different techniques.
Temperature change: in which the temperature change of calorimeter can be converted to heat change of the reaction occurring in the calorimeter. Power compensation (often called isothermal) in which two heating sources are kept as some heating power so the heat change is equal to the integration of the controlled heat power over the measurement time and heat conditioning which the very temperature change caused by the heat flow sensor.
By the opening state of a system, calorimeter can be divided into adiabatic and non-adiabatic calorimeter. Adiabatic calorimeter directly measures the heat flow of the system in which is given out in the surrounding. In terms of different working conditions, it can be classified as constant pressure calorimeter (Lavoisier and Laplace, 1780).
In terms of construction principle, calorimeter can be classified into single and twin calorimeter. Other types of calorimeters have also been developed for more flexible application such as DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter), Isothermal Titration Calorimeter (Lavoisier, 1780).
There are four typical calorimeters; coffee cup calorimeter, bomb calorimeter, isothermal titration calorimeter and differential scanning calorimeter. Coffee cup calorimeter uses Styrofoam cups with insulated lid to prevent heat loss while the bomb calorimeter is isolated system that has constant volume while the isothermal titration calorimeter the heat of reaction is used to follow a titration experiment, one in which the concentration of an unknown reagent is determined by using a standard concentration of another reagent that chemically reacts with the unknown.
This permits. In differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), heat flow onto a simple contained aluminum capsule which measured differentially (Lavoisier, 1780).
According to Lavoisier and Laplace (1780), a simple calorimeter consist of a thermometer attached to a metal container full of water suspended above the combustion chamber and its function is to measure the specific heat capacity of an object.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
(1) To construct an improvised continuous flow calorimeter for student use in the laboratory.
(2) To determine the specific heat capacity of water
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study would be of great interest to the school in particular to the students in the department of applied science. This study would provide an instrument that could be useful for quantitative determination of the specific heat capacity of water.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study would be limited to the construction of the continuous flow apparatus and using it to determine the specific heat capacity of water.
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