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ABSTRACT
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This research work is carried out to find out the causes of effect teenage prostitution among young GIRL MARABAN JOS AREA of Igabi L.G.A of Kaduna state this work is divided into five chapters. According to the project, its first chapter deals with the purpose of the study, which to find out to find out the problems teens are facing concerning the teenage prostitution am ONG young girl..To suggest ways of helping any youths facing the dilemma of unwanted parenthood as well as practical suggestions for adolescent in avoiding the pitfalls of being pregnant and becomes-weeeweeeeeeeeeeeng parent suddenly. Chapter two deals with literature review.
Which was collected and it was observed that most students dropout form secondary school is as result of teenage pregnancy. Chapter four involves presentation of data and discussion. In the last chapter: chapter five deals with the summary: recommendations and conclusion researcher was able to find out that adolescent from neglected families or broken home contributed to teenage pregnancy. It was also detected hat lack of exposure, lack of family guidance and bad companies contributed that since the parent has a greater role to play in the life of adolescent, therefore, parents should maintain stable and positive relationship with their children. And also parents should encourage deep, religious spiritual affiliation and realistic academic expectations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Approval page
Declaration
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the study
1.3 Significance of the study
1.4 Research question
1.5 Delimitation of the study
1.6 Limitation of the study
1.8 Operational definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Conceptual framework of prostitution
2.2 Socio-cultural and economic factors influencing prostitution
2.2.1 External family structure
2.2.2 Peer group influence
2.2.3 Experience of physiological trauma
2.2.4 Low self esteem
2.2.5 Lack of knowledge awareness of the consequence
2.2.6 Lack of sexuality education
2.2.7 Socialization process
2.2.8 Male-child preference
2.2.9 Other cultural factors
2.2.10 Socio-economic factor
2.2.11 Drug addiction
2.3 Consequences of prostitution
2.4 Solutions to issues of teenage prostitution
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Methodology
3.1 Area of the study
3.2 Population of the study
3.3 Sample size and sampling technique
3.4 Methods of data collection
3.5 Data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data Presentation, analysis and interpretation
4.1 Results
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary, conclusion and recommendation
5.1 Summary of major findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
References
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The issue of pregnancies among teenage girls seems to be the social problems facing not Nigeria, but also several other nations of the world. Surveys by investigators such as Briggs (2001), Gyepi-Garbrah (1985), Onuzulike (2003) and others revealed that teenagers become sexually active at an early age with corresponding high fertility.
Teenage sexual activities in Nigeria also tend to be the increase (Nwosu, 2005, Okafor 1997). Amajor consequence of these increase sexual activities among teenagers is out of wedlock pregnancies that may result in abortion, childbirth or even death.
Teenage is often used interchangeably with adolescence. World Health
Organization-WHO (1997) opined that, it is the period between 10 and 19 years when the secondary sex characteristics appear. Turner and Helms (1993) reported that the teen years fall between the ages of 13 and 19 years. Views and opinions vary among authors and researchers on the specific age at which it beings or ends.
Adesomowo (1988) reported that the teen years starts at either 11or 12 years and lasts to 19 years views and opinions vary among authors and reported that the teen years starts at either 111or 12 years and lasts to 19 years when the character of a person takes the permanent form. According to Nwosu (2005), adolescents include all persons aged 13 to 19 years who constitute about 2 percent of the world population. Ezeorah (1982), Melgosa (2001), and host of others agree that the teen years span from the13thto the 19th years of life.
Bogaart and Cohen (1998) described the teen years as period of transition from childhood to adulthood, characterized by heightened and accelerated physical growth. This period, they opined, marks the onset of puberty and biological maturity. It is a crucial period in the life of an individual because many key social economic and demographic event occur that set the stage for adult life. Ukekwe (2001) described it as the most important period in human life, especially among females.
Notwithstanding the varied opinions on the beginning and end of the teen years studies by numerous authors and researchers, as mentioned earlier indicated that the teen years span from the 13th to the 19th year of life. Based on the opinion of researchers on the specific age at which teenage begins, the present study will be based on the age limit of 13 to 19 years.
Ukekwe held that teenagers are expected to grow up morally, and gradually observing the norms of the society into adulthood. On the contrary, some of these teenagers engage in pre-marital sexual activities, which expose them to the risks of abortions, sexually transmitted n infection (STIs) and pregnancies.
Pregnancy as defined by Grodon (1983) is a condition in which a female carries in her womb, the young before it is born. Similarly, Skyes (2000) definitions of pregnancy above could reveal that pregnancy is meant for procreation and continuity. Nwosu (2005) is of the opinion that when development, but if a teenager engages in per-marital sex that may result in pregnancy, she is putting herself in a responsibility that she is inadequately prepared for:
Teenage pregnancy therefore mans conception by girl between the ages of interaction seems to predispose them to indiscriminate pre- marital sexual activities, which if unchecked may result in teenage unwanted pregnancies and its attendant complication. Such complications as outlined earlier be embarrassing to the teenagers themselves as well as their parents and guardians. The situation may therefore constitute a serious set back to the teenager involved.
13 and 19 years, According to Allan Guttmacher institute – (AGI) (1988), teenage pregnancy is an undesirable phenomenon Onuzulike (2003) supported this when she observed that teenage pregnancy interferes with expectation regarding education, self realization and economic prosperity among the affected teenagers.
Ukekwe (2001) stated that stress arises even when pregnancies are planned, and to think of unplanned pregnancy means that the girl has to restructure her roles because she is inadequately prepared for parenthood. Fadeyi (1978) observed that numerous cases of school dropout; maternal mortality and morbidity, infertility, abortion and children being abandoned in gutters, dust bins, latrines and other deadly places arte clear manifestation of the malady of teenage pregnancies.
Teenage pregnancy has vital implication for population growth. Nwosu (2005) opined that there is a global increase in teenage pregnancies. She observed that more than 14 million adolescents give birth each year thus contributing roughly 10 per cent of the world’s total number of births.
Ukekwe (2001) noted that many of these babies are unwanted by their teen mothers. These babies, she maintained suffer from starvation, sicknesses, homelessness and abandonment among other complications. Briggs (2001) indentified several complication associated with teenage pregnancy.
These include; high blood pressure, pre – eclampsia, malnutrition, vesico vaginal fistula, recto vaginal fistula and death. He observed that when high blood pressure is accompanied by proteinuria, the teenagers condition can worsen to eclampsia, which if not controlled could progress to extreme hypertension, seizures, convulsion and cerebral hemorrhage. Chabra (1991) outlined complications of pregnancy among teenagers to include first and third trimester’s bleeding, sever anaemia, prolonged and obstructed labour, cephalo pelvic disproportion, and toxaemias of pregnancy, stillbirth and high prenatal mortality and morbidity.
Besides the health consequence of teenage pregnancy, the educational attainment of most, if not all teenage parents is hampered. Gorgen, maier and dies field (1993) observed that students who become pregnant rarely go back to school
Stevens – simon and Mc Anarmey (1993) noted that teenage pregnancy is a maker for socio-demographic factors such as poverty and poor education. Brown (2001) collaborated this when he posited that many of the teenagers end up as school dropouts. Action Health Incorporated (2004) also described teenage pregnancy as a major cause of school dropout among girls.
They maintained that the pattern of pregnancies among un married adolescent has assumed an alarming proportion, which if unchecked could result in undesirable consequences. Awarding to Osuala (2003) the patterns of teenage pregnancy and its complications need to be addressed in order to avert the perpetuation of poverty and unskilled women in the economy.
Many authors and researchers have variously described pattern. Gadsby (2000) described pattern as the regular way something happens, develops or is done. He maintained that when events happen or develop in the same fixed way, one could say that they follow a set pattern. Gadsby further described pattern as a regularly repeated arrangement of events, words or sounds.
Gessnar (1997) studied the demographic variables of pattern i.e. residence, gender, race, and age. He noted that patterns of events could occur in clusters or epidemics in relation to time (temporal), and space (spatial).
Pride more and spivak (2003) outlined the general patterns of suicide mortality across time, (temporal) space (spatial) and demographic variables.
Demographic variable could also apply in the study teenage pregnancy patterns and associated factors which the present study intends to do.
Teenage pregnancy pattern could therefore be taken to mean the occurrence of pregnancy among teenagers aged 13to 19 years with regard to time, space and demographic groups. Teenage pregnancy has occurred overtime, but the present study intends to study the occurrence of teen pregnancy between 2001-20007 with emphasis on its distribution across school types, as well the demographic variations. Pregnancy could occur among all teenage girls who are exposed to pre-marital sexual activities.
Onuzlike (2003) outlined several predictors of pregnancy during the teen years. These include; a history of sexual abuse, poverty ,lack of inderest in school activities, lack of career goals, poor school performance, unhappy homes and peer pressure among others. Audu (1997) also outlined several factors associated with teen pregnancy.
These factors include; moral laxity, desire for wealth and materialism, unrealistic false marriage promises as well as the influx of pornography. Okafor (19997) reported ignorance of sexual knowledge as one of the factors responsible for pregnancies for pregnancies among teenagers. He added that adolescents in second ary schools have low knowledge regarding sex and sexuality. Nwosu (2005) observed that adolescents face many risks ranging from unwanted pregnancies, HIV and AIDs, other STIs, sexual exploitation, yet they receive inadequate information to help them negotiate this difficult passage to adulthood.
Nwosu added that teens need access to specific information about how their bodies work and how to keep their bodies safe as well as information about sexual behavior and its consequences. She maintained that information about sexuality should be imparted to teenagers in order to help them avoid unwanted pregnancies.
Audu (1997) is of the opinion that the less knowledge teenagers have, the more likely they may have unprotected sex and engage in sexual experimentation prematurely, Briggs (2001) noted that the school system does not supply teenagers with adequate information and education about sex and sexuality. As a result, many of them end up in uncertainty and misconceptions on sexual matters. This lack of knowledge exposes young persons including teenagers o pre-marital sexual activities.
Melgosa (2001) observed that the physiological changes, which occur during the teen years seem to contribute o increased sexual urge and that this increase in sexual desire is a response to biological, physiological as well as social changes, which adolescents experience. All these characteristics could be contributory to the high incidence of teenage pregnancies in the society.
Gallagher and Gallagher (2000) believed that the inclination towards early initiation of sexual activity is due to a vehement desire for affection and acceptance. They also attributed it to a demonstration of the maturity, which teenagers believe they have attained. This belief, they noted make the teenagers vulnerable to teenage unwanted pregnancies and the associated complications. All these characteristics tend to expose teenagers to pre-marital sexual activities, including those in Maraban Jos Igabi Local Government Area which is the area of the study.
Maraban Jos Igabi LGA is one of the seventeen LGAs in Kaduna State. It is made up of fourteen communities characterized by presence of few amenities like pipe born water supply, hospitals and clinics, good roads and social centres. The presence of those amenities seems to pave way for free interaction between boys and girls within and outside the L.G.A. Equally, when students are on holidays, disco and parties are always organized, giving them the opportunity to interact freely. This free and uninhibited
1.2 Statement of the problem
Research shows that the teen years are the most stressful and confusing times of life (Deegan, 1989; Kohlberg, 1981), during this period, are expected to acquire education and skills needed for the future. On the contrary, many teenage pregnancies (Umeano,2003).
Pregnancy is usually welcome when it occurs at the appropriate time such as mature age and in wedlock. or On the contrary, it is most unwelcome when it occurs outside of wedlock or during the teen years, when the individual should be acquiring skills in formal or non-formal environments.
Studies (Audu, 1997 Gyepi-GArbrah , 1996, onuzulike, 2002 and WHO, 1977) have indicated poverty, pornography, mass media and peer influence as some of the factors responsible for teenage pregnancy. All teenagers who engage in pre-marital sex are vulnerable to pregnancy. No wonder AGI (1988);onuzulike (2002);population Report (1994); Mc Anarney and Schredier(1984);onuzulike,(2002); Population Report (1994);Umeano (2003) held that pre-marital sexual activities among teenagers in both developed and developing countries indicate that it is a serious public problem.
Many factors, as mentioned earlier could be attributed to this. Various studies (Briggs, 2001; Nwosu, 2005; Onuzulike, 202; WHO,1975) have shown in teenage pregnancies the word over with regard to the time, space and
1.3 Significance of the Study
The present significant in several ways in general, the result of the study will help to clarify the relevance of the health believe model (HBM) and the precaution adoption process theory to understanding the patterns of teenage prostitution this information
A successful Explanation of whatever pattern of the problem that may be found will significantly clarify the relevance of IBM.
This information will be of immense benefit to all personal interested in intervening in the problem such personal may decipher from the pattern whether the problem has bee on the increase or decline.
The study also generated data on the spatial pattern of teenage prostitution the area of study.
Finally the study is Expected to add to the pool of literature on teenage prostitution in related, area.
1.4 Research Question
1) What are the cause of teenage prostitution among young girls in Maraban Jos Igabi L.G.A of Kaduna State?
2) What are problems associated with teenage prostitution away young girls in Maraban Jos Igabi Local Govt. Area of Kaduna State?
3) What are the effect of teenage prostitution on young girls in Maraban Jos Igabi L.G.A of Kaduna State?
4) What are the solutions to teenage prostitution among young girls in Igabi L.G.A of Kaduna State?
1.5 Delimitation of the Study
The study was delimited to Maraban Jos community in Igabi L.G.A of Kaduna State. It is further delimited to young girls that hawk wares at Maraban Jos trailer park in Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
1.6 Limitation of the Study
The study would have been carried out in Maraban Jos Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State. The study also go beyond and resources and materials that is out of research of researcher in the area of the study, due to some reasons thus:
i) Financial constraint:- Due to lack of enough founds for purchasing research material, it lindens the appropriate findings.
ii) Time:- The time of research study was short in view of this, the researcher could not cover many area of more fact.
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
Teenager:- Literally, a person from thirteen to nineteen, an adolescent.
Prostitution:- The practice of engaging in relatively indiscriminate sexual activity in general with individual other than a spouse in exchange for immediate payment in cash or kin.
Girls:- A young female human (in contrast to boy) at female child or young adult. Any women, regardless of her age.
Health:- The state of being free from physical or psychological disease, illness or malfunction wellness.
STD:- Is an acronym for sexually transmitted diseases.
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