Download full project materials on Bacterial Contamination Associated With Polythene Packaged Sliced Pineapple And Pawpaw Sold In Markets (A Case study of Kaduna Metropolis)
TABLE OF CONTENT
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Title page
Cover page
Declaration
Approval
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Justification
1.2 Aim
1.3 Objectives
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Fruit structure and development
2.2 Medicinal use of fruits
2.3 Nutritional value of pineapple
2.4 Pawpaw (Cerica papaya)
2.5 Nutritional value of pawpaw
2.6 Microbial contamination of fruits
2.7 Bacteria contamination of fruits
2.7.1 Salmonella species
2.7.2 Shigella species
2.7.3 Listeria monocytogens
2.7.4 Vibrio cholera
2.8 Decontamination
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Method
3.1 Sample collection
3.2 Preparation of media
3.3 Sample preparation
3.4 Serial dilution and inoculation of homogenate
3.5 Total viable count
3.6 Isolaton of bacterial
3.7 Gram staining and Microscopy
3.8 Biochemical tests
3.8.1 Methyl red (MR) and Voges proskauer (VP) tests
3.8.2 Catalase test
3.8.3 Mortility test
3.8.4 indole test
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results
4.1 Total Aerobic plate count of pineapple
4.2 Total aerobic plate count of pineapple
4.3 Frequence of occurrence of bacterial isolates
4.4 Cultural and biochemical characteristics of bacterial isolates
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Anaemia, also spelled Anemia, is usually a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood (Lippincott, 2006).
It can be defined as a lowered ability of blood to carry oxygen. When Anaemia comes on slowly, the symptoms are often vague and may include feeling tired, weakness, shortness of breath or a poor ability to exercise.
Anaemia that comes on quickly often has a greater symptoms, which may include confusion, feeling like one is going to pass out, loss of consciousness, or increased thirst. Anaemia must be significant before a person becomes noticeably pale. Additional symptoms may occur depending on the underlying cause (Williams, 2006).
Anaemia during pregnancy is especially a concern because it is associated with low birth weight, premature birth and mortality rate.
Women who are pregnant are at a higher risk for developing Anaemia due to the excess amount of blood and body produces to help and provide nutrients for the foetus.
There are over 400 different types of Anaemia, but some are more prevalent in pregnancy.
The most commonly experienced types of Anaemia during pregnancy are; iron-deficiency Anaemia (affect approximately 15% to 25% of all pregnancies), iron is a mineral found in the red blood cells and is used to carry oxygen from the lungs to the ret of the body, as well as helps the muscles store and use oxygen. Folate deficiency Anaemia: the water – so – luble vitamin folate which refers to as folic acid help prevent neural tube defects during pregnancy.
A diet lacking folic acid and lead to a reduced number of red blood cells in the body, therefore leading to adeficiency.
Vitamin B12 deficiency Anaemia; Vitamin B-12 is a necessary vitamin for the body to help with production of red blood cells. Although some women may consume enough B-12 in their diet, it is possible their body cannot process the vitamin therefore this causes them to be deficient.
Causes of Anaemia during pregnancy truly comes down to how many red blood cells are being produced in the body and how healthy they are. A fall in hemoglobin levels during pregnancy is caused by a greater expansion of plasma volume compared with the increase in red cell volume. This disproportion between the rate of increase for, plasma and erythrocytes has the most distinction during the second trimester.
A lack of iron in the diet as a result of not eating enough iron rich foods or the body’s inability to absorb the iron being consumed.
Pregnancy it self because the iron being produced is needed for the woman’s body to increase her own blood volume. Without an iron supplement there is not enough iron to feed the blood supply of the growing fetus.
Heavy bleeding due to menstruation, an ulcer or polyp or blood donation caused red blood cells to be destroyed faster than they can be replenished.
The treatment of Anaemia can be achieved by adding iron or vitamin supplement to your daily routine.
Typically, this is all that is needed to reverse the effects of Anaemia. However, in very rare cases, women with severe Anaemia may need a blood transfusion.
Prevention of Anaemia during pregnancy is a easy as changing or making additions, to the diet. Foods rich in iron such as lean, red meats and poultry, eggs, dark leafy green vegetables (Broccoli, spinach), nuts and seeds, beans, lentils etc.
Because of the challenges to eat as much iron as is suggested during pregnancy, taking iron supplements is recommended in addition to consuming these foods . foods that are high in vitamin (can actually help the body absorb more iron, so it is beneficial to make addition of vitamin C rich foods such as citrus fruits, straw berries, oranges, tomatoes.
After delivery, blood volume and plasma levels are expected to return to normal.
Dambu is a cereal products of cultivated grasses and members of the grass family Graminae (Poacecae). The cereal grain used is acha (Digitaria exilis) (Jideani, 1999). Dambu is a granulated dumpling products generally made from acha (Digitaria exilis). It can be defined as non-fermented formulated dumpling in Nigeria. Dambu is produced mainly from moistened acha with spices and steamed for some minutes.
Acha may be replaced depending on locality and availability of grain. Dambu has coarse particles resembling moistened couscous. It is popular mid day meal (Nkama et al., 1999).
This work is intended to produce an/enriched “Dambun acha” for anemic pregnant woman.
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
To formulate and carry out proximate analysis of enriched “Dambun acha” with varieties of legumes
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
To produce enriched “Dambun acha” with varieties of legumes (Black eyed Beans, soya beans and bambara nuts)
To carry out proximate analysis of the products
To carry out sensory evaluation of the products.
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