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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Proper dietary habit is essential for optimal growth and development of all living creatures, in some cases whether the right nutrition is given; there will be as a sub-optimal malnutrition and malformation, abnormal developmental features of offspring (Worthington and Williams, 1955).
Good feeding is important during pregnancy to avoid prenatal maternity such as still birth, miscarriage. Poor nutrition in the diet of a pregnant women is bad because the essential nutrient are lacking such as vitamin, protein and carbohydrates, fetus will not have opportunity to build a strong foundation for growth which resulted in a child who is physically and mentally handicapped throughout the life of the baby (Neoye, 1997).
Education concerning proper dietary habit and the required changes during pregnancy will directly affect eating habit patterns. With a lack of general nutrition education, mothers may begin their pregnancy poorly nourished and will not know what food to change during pregnancy in order to improve their diet (Waheed, 2008).
Other dietary habits, cultural and religious practice may set restriction because the forbidden food is thought to cause a problem to the body while the essential nutrients should be eaten by pregnant women (Worthington and Williams, 1995).
The final food factors that affect the food consumption pattern in pregnant women are low income; mothers with this usually suffer from poor health care, poor sanitation, and poor diet intake. All these contribute to food consumption and personal food habit such as smoking, alcoholics’ caffeine, using certain medications streets drugs can negatively ‘and irreversibly affect the development of the fetus during pregnancy.
Dietary habit are the habitual decisions of individuals or group of people regarding what food they eat, proper dietary choice require the consumption of the vitamins, minerals, carbohydrate, proteins, and fats. Dietary habit and choice play a significant role in human health (Mcgarvey, 2014).
Mothers who eat unhealthy diet during pregnancy maybe putting their children at risk of developing long term irreversible health issues including obesity, raised levels of cholesterol and blood sugar. (Bayal, and Casey, 2008).
Approximately 4.5 billion adult in 187 countries worldwide, consumption of healthy food such as fruits and vegetables improved during past two decades, but has been outplace by the increased intake of unhealthy food including processed meat and sweetened drinks in most world regions (Fumaiki, Renoda, Shahab, Saman, Peclin, John and Deriush, 2015).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Poor food consumption pattern and unhealthy feeding habit of pregnant women which have decreased the growth and development of the fetus and other physiological changes of the mothers as well as prenatal and maternity such as still birth, miscarriage and mutation. Unhealthy food consumption pattern also results from making poor food choice over a period of time which affects the eating habits of a pregnant mother.
In a study by Santiago Park and Kelly (2003) conducted a research on the consumption habits of pregnant women and implication of development biology in southern California using the food, beverage and medication intake questionnaire (FBMIQ) measures common practices of maternal consumption during pregnancy.
Result showed that a total of 200 women completed the FBMIQ. Consumption habits of healthy beverages and medication are characterized in this article. Data indicated wide spread consumption of fresh fruit, meats, milk and juice and indicated most women used prenatal vitamin supplements.
In another development Verbreke and Bourdeaudhuij (2003) conducted a research on dietary behavior of pregnant versus non-pregnant women in Belgium. The study investigations dietary behavior and the perceived role of food for health of pregnant versus non pregnant women. Data were collected between January to March 2003.
One hundred and forty eight pregnant and 130 non-pregnant women aged between 20 and 40 years completed a self administered questionnaire about their dietary behaviors and nutritional attitudes. Result showed that pregnant women report higher consumption of fruits which result in a better score for fiber intake.
They also report higher consumption of beef and dietary product as well as a higher fat intake. No difference in fish consumption between pregnant and non-pregnant women is observed.
Another interesting research is the work of Samson, and Rissel (2010). The research investigated the dietary behavior during pregnancy at university of Sidney, Australia using an analysis of cross-sectional survey as conducted using data from 409 first time mothers at 26-36 weeks of pregnancy who participated in the healthy beginnings trail conducted in south western Sidney, Australia.
Result showed that about one fifth of mothers (21 %) reported drinking 2 cups (500ml) or more of soft drink per day and 12% reported consuming more than 2 meals or snacks from fast food or take away outlets per week. A small percentage of mothers (50%) had experienced food insecurity over the past 12 months.
Never the less, it’s obvious that many of the above mentioned researchers have made an immense contribution or effort to unravel the situation in both Nigeria and other neighboring countries, yet the dietary habits among pregnant women attending Primary Health Care Kabala West, Kaduna State remains a serious problems in the primary health care facilities.
This is because to the researchers’ knowledge, no attempt has been made to expose the dietary habit among pregnant women in the above mentioned geographical location. This is therefore, the Gap which the preposition of this research intends to fill, so as to advance frontier of the knowledge on nutrition and dietetics.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
1.3.1 Aim of the Study
The aim of this study is to assess the dietary habit among pregnant women attending Primary Health Care Kabala West, Kaduna.
1.3.2 Objectives of the Study
The aim will be achieved through the following specific objectives which are to:
(i) Examine the dietary habit among pregnant women attending primary healthcare unit.
(ii) Determine the factors responsible for their dietary habit.
(iii) Assess the nutritional status of the pregnant women attending primary health care unit.
1.4 Research Questions
Based on the foregoing, the study seeks answers to the following questions:
- What is the dietary habit of the pregnant women?
- What are the factors that are responsible for the dietary habit of the pregnant women?
iii. What are the nutritional status of the pregnant women attending the primary’ health care unit?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This research work would enable the pregnant women in maintaining the highest level of willingness in teaching them about adequate diet intake during pregnancy.
The research would also help the health workers in addressing malnutrition cases among the pregnant women.
The work should also assist pregnant women understand what non-compliance with diet change can cause in the growth and development of the fetus.
The role of health workers in relation to pregnant women can never be over – emphasized, many health practitioners such as Mercer and Donald (2003), enumerated some of these roles, these include:
Identifying individual patient risks at each appointment.
Providing appropriate counseling to patients with identified risks
Providing tailored education materials to patient about, prevention, identification and treatment include healthy lifestyles.
Providing information and supports through follow-up and links to community resources.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is limited to pregnant women attending primary health care center at the ward (Primary Health Care Kabala West, Kaduna). See table 3.1 in chapter three below:
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