Download complete project material on Radioactive Metals: Their Chemistry Properties And Applications from chapter one to five
It has been claimed that radioactivity was discovered by Abel Niepce de Saint Victor in 1859. But it was not well published and was soon forgotten.
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Radioactivity was rediscovered in 1896 by the French scientist Henri Becquerel, while working on phosphorescent materials. These material glow in the dark after exposure to light, and he suspected that the glow produced in cathode ray tubes by x-rays might be associated with phosphorescence. He wrapped a photographic plate in black paper and placed various phosphorescent salts on it. All result were negative until he used Uranium salts.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Table of Content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Classes of Radioactivity
1.2 Half-Life of Radioactivity
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Radioactive Metals
2.2 Transuramium Element
2.3 Transactinide Element
CHAPTER THREE
3.1.0 Technitium
3.1.1 Chemistry of Technitium
3.1.2 Properties of Technitium
3.2.0 Radium
3.2.1 Chemistry of Radium
3.2.2 Properties of Radium
3.3.0 Actinium
3.3.1 Chemistry of Actinium
3.3.2 Properties of Actinium
3.4.0 Thorium
3.4.1 Chemistry of Thorium
3.4.2 Properties of Thorium
3.5.0 Uranium
3.5.1 Chemistry of Uranium
3.5.2 Properties of Uranium
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0.1 Applications of Technitium
4.0.2 Applications of Radium
4.0.3 Applications of Actinium
4.0.4 Applications of Thorium
4.0.5 Applications of Uranium
4.1 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The result with these compound was a blackening of the plate. These radiation were called Becquerel Rays. It soon became clear that the blackening of the plate had nothing to do with phosphorescence because the plate blackened when the mineral was in the dark. Non- phosphorescent salts of uranium and metallic uranium also blackened the plate. It was clear that there is a form of radiations that could pass through paper that was causing the plate to became black.
The early researcher also discovered that many other chemical elements besides Uranium have radioactive isotopes. A systematic search for the total radioactivity in uranium are also guided Pierre Curie and Marie Curie to isolate a new element polonium and to separate a new element radium and barium. The two elements chemical similarity would otherwise have made them difficult to distinguish.
When different radioactive substance were put in the magnetic field, they deflected in different direction or not at all, showing that there were three classes of radioactivity: Negative, Positive and electrically neutral.[1]
The discovery of radioactive element in the 1890s opened way for the new dating techniques that suggested an age for earth of several billion years.
1.1
CLASSES OF RADIOACTIVITY
Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission or disintegration of radioactive element by which a nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting particles of ionizing radiation.
The classes of emitted radiation includes:
1.1.1 ALPHA RADIATION OR ALPHA DECAY (α): Alpha decay is a type of radiation decay in which an atomic nucleus emit an alpha particles and thereby transform. (or decays) into an atom with a mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less. For example, uranium 238 decaying through α- particles emission to form thorium- 234 can be expressed as: [2]
238U
Because an alpha particle is the same as the nucleus of a helium -4 atom-consisting of two protons and two neutrons and thus having mass number 4 and atomic number 2. This can also be written as:
Alpha decay is by far the most common form of cluster decay where the parent atom eject a defined daughter collection of nucleus, learning another defined product behind (in nuclear fission, a number of different pairs of daughter of approximately equal size are formed). Most of the helium produced on earth is the result of the alpha decay of underground deposits of minerals Uranium or thorium. The helium is brought to the surface as a by product of natural gas production. In term of deflection, Alpha particles may be completely stopped by a sheet of paper.
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