Preparation And Characterization Of A Sucrose Composite Produced Using Two Different Methods is a complete project materials for download from chapter one to five and references
ABSTRACT
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Composite materials are unique because they possess advantages that the individual combining materials do not have. A sugar composite propellant was prepared using two different methods.
And they were then subjected to Scanning Electron Microscopic analysis, which revealed the topography and morphology of a composite that has a particulate KN03 crystals dispersed in a random manner undisclosed in a sucrose continuous matrix phase.
The sucrose also acted as the binder of the whole composite. Giving the composite a unique propelling ability not available in the sucrose alone or the potassium nitrate alone.Â
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTIONÂ
1.0Â Background of Study
A composite material is made by combining two or more materials – often ones that have very different properties. It can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that results in better properties than those of the individual components used alone (rsc.org).
The two materials work together to give the composite unique properties. However, within the composite you can easily tell the different materials apart as they do not dissolve or blend into each other.
In contrast to metallic alloys, each material retains its separate chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. The two constituents are a reinforcement and a matrix (asminternational.org).
The main advantages of composite materials are their high strength and stiffness, combined with low density, when compared with bulk materials, allowing for a weight reduction in the finished part.
The reinforcing phase provides the strength and stiffness. In most cases, the reinforcement is harder, stronger, and stiffer than the matrix.
The reinforcement is usually a fiber or a particulate. Particulate composites have dimensions that are approximately equal in all directions. They may be spherical, platelets, or any other regular or irregular geometry (asminternational.org).
In the case of the Sugar composite to be synthesized, the reinforcement material is a particulate salt of potassium nitrate (KNO3) while the continuous matrix is the sucrose sugar.
Natural composites exist in both animals and plants. Wood is a composite – it is made from long cellulose fibres (a polymer) held together by a much weaker substance called lignin.
Cellulose is also found in cotton, but without the lignin to bind it together it is much weaker. The two weak substances – lignin and cellulose – together form a much stronger one. The bone in your body is also a composite.
It is made from a hard but brittle material called hydroxyapatite (which is mainly calcium phosphate) and a soft and flexible material called collagen (which is a protein).
Collagen is also found in hair and finger nails. On its own it would not be much use in the skeleton but it can combine with hydroxyapatite to give bone the properties that are needed to support the body.
Most composites are made of just two materials. One is the matrix or binder. It surrounds and binds together fibres or fragments of the other material, which is called the reinforcement. The first modern composite material was fibreglass.
It is still widely used today for boat hulls, sports equipment, building panels and many car bodies. The matrix is a plastic and the reinforcement is glass that has been made into fine threads and often woven into a sort of cloth.
On its own the glass is very strong but brittle and it will break if bent sharply. The plastic matrix holds the glass fibres together and also protects them from damage by sharing out the forces acting on them.
Some advanced composites are now made using carbon fibres instead of glass. These materials are lighter and stronger than fibreglass but more expensive to produce. They are used in aircraft
structures and expensive sports equipment such as golf clubs (Bisinda, 1993)
Plate 1 SEM Micrograph of a composite. Courtesy The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Sugar Composite
Sugar being the Matrix is also the binder which is reinforced with Potassium nitrate as the particulate material. These two material also function as both a fuel and a binder and an oxidizer (Lesilie S. and Yawn J, 2002)
The potassium nitrate Sugar composite, abbreviated as KNSUÂ find major use as a propellant in solid rocketry propulsion (Nakka, 2007).
Four common methods are used to prepare sugar composite propellants: (i) Dry Ramming (ii) Melting / Casting (iii) Moist pressing (iv)Re-crystallization.
Melting/casting is the most common method used. This is because it’s the most efficient method in quick preparation and uniform homogenicity of the KNSU mix (Nakka, 2007)
Scanning Electron Microscopy
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) scans a focused electron beam over a surface to create an image.
The electrons in the beam interact with the sample, producing various signals that can be used to obtain information about the surface topography and composition.
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments available for the examination and analysis of the microstructure topography, morphology and chemical composition characterizations.
Scanning electron microscopy is used for inspecting topographies of specimens at very high magnifications using a piece of equipment called the scanning electron microscope.
SEM magnifications can go to more than 300,000 X but most semiconductor manufacturing applications require magnifications of less than 3,000 X only.
SEM inspection is often used in the analysis of die/package cracks and fracture surfaces, bond failures, and physical defects on the die or package surface (Weilie Zhou, Robert P. Apkarian, Zhong Lin Wang, and David Joy)
During SEM operation, a beam of electrons is focused on a spot volume of the specimen, resulting in the transfer of energy to the spot.
These bombarding electrons, also referred to as primary electrons, dislodge electrons from the specimen itself. The dislodged electrons, also known as secondary electrons, are attracted and collected by a positively biased grid or detector, and then translated into a signal.
(matter.org.uk) The scanning electron microscope (SEM) produces images by scanning the sample with a high-energy beam of electrons.
As the electrons interact with the sample, they produce secondary electrons, backscattered electrons and characteristic X-rays. These signals are collected by one or more detectors to form images which are then displayed on the computer screen.
When the electron beam hits the surface of the sample, it penetrates the sample to a depth of a few microns, depending on the accelerating voltage and the density of the sample.
Many signals, like secondary electrons and X-rays, are produced as a result of this interaction inside the sample.
1.3 Â Aim and Objectives
To characterize sucrose and potassium nitrate composite produced using two different methods.
1.4Â Â Objectives
- To produce the composite from sucrose and potassium Nitrate using dry ramming, Melt and Cast Method
- To characterize the composite using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
1.5 Â Justification of the Research
Solid composite Propellant behavior during propulsion would be understood better if we were able to know how the different combining materials interact at the microscopic level.
Using the scanning electron microscope would help us to compare between the two different methods of producing the propellant composite, their material interaction with a view of choosing the better one for further propulsion studies.
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