Determination of Phytochemical in the Leave Extract of Marijuana Leaves (Cannabis Sativa) is a complete downloadable project materials. It contains chapter one to five with references and abstract
CHAPTER ONE
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 MEDICINAL PLANT
Medicinal plant have been identified and used throughout human history. Plant makes many chemical compounds that are for biological functions, including defense against insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals.
At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total (Portland, 2003).
The chemicals produced by plants for defence, adaptation and other biological functions are generally called secondary metabolites and these include saponnis, tannis, flavoriods, glycosides, alkaloid e.t.c
(Grotenherman and Russo, 2002 ) those compounds in plants mediate their effect on the human body through processes identical to these already well understood for the chemical compounds in conventional drugs;
thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of how they work. Herbal preparations sed for the treatment of diseases and its knowledge are handed down from generation to generation and has been used in the health care delivery in may parts of Africs and the rest of the world.
Effective health care cannot be achieved in Africa until orthodox medicine is complimented with traditional medicine (Elujoba and Odeleye, 2005).
At leats 89% of Africans depend on exemplary source of drugs and many of the currently available drugs have been derived directly or indirectly from them (Saidu et al, 2012).
Ethno medicine, the study of traditional human uses of plants for curing illnesses, is recognized as an effective way to discover future medicines.
The uses of herb to treat diseases is almost universal among non-industrialized societies and is often more affordable than purchasing modern pharmaceutical.(Basco et al., 2004).
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 Percent of the population of some Asian and African countries presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of primary healthcare.(Sofowora, 2003).
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in term of such damage. “In medical diagnosis, pain is a symptom (Flerknell and Han, 2000).
Pain motivate the individual to withdraw from damaging situations, to protect a damaged body part while it heals, and to avoid similar experiences in the future.
Most pain resolves one the noxious stimulus and apparent healing of the body pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries (gronzalez et al., 2000).
It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can interfere with a person’s quality of life and general functioning (Formukong et al 2004).
Pain is usually managed with medications such as analgesics. An analgesic is any member of the group of drug used to achieve analgesic, relief from pain (MC Portland 2003), analgesic drugs act in various way on the peripheral and contral nervous systems.
They are distinct from anesthetics, which reversibly eliminate sensation. Analgesics include paracetamol (know in North America as acetaminophen or simply APAP) the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as the salicylates and opioid drug such as morphine and oxycodone (legleye et al. 2011).
In choosing analegics, the severity and response to other medication determines the choice agent.
As the side effect of synthetic drugs such as synthetic analgesics continue to become a serious health concern coupled with high cost of such drugs and the lost of efficiency there is a serious need to find cheaper alternatives which have lesser side effects, especially from natural products (Carroll, 2005).
There are many medicinal plant which are used in traditional medicine to relieve pain and cannabis sativa is an example.
Cannabis is an annual herbaceous planting the cannabis genus, a species of cannabaceae family.
People have cultivated cannabis throughout recorded history as a source of industrial fibre, seed oil, food, recreation, and religious and spiritual moods and medicines (Mc Grath et al. 2009).
Its seeds are chiefly used to make hemp seed oil which can be used for cooking, lamps, lacquers, or paints. They can also be used as caged bird feed, as they provide a moderate source of nutrient for most birds.
The flowers (and to a lesser extent the leaves stems, seeds) contain psychoactive chemical compound known as cannabinoids that are consumed for recreational, medicinal and spiritual purposes (Itall 2000).
When so used, preparations of flowers (Marijuana) and leaves and preparations derived from resinous extract (e.g. hashish) are consumed by smoking, vaporizing and oral ingestion.
Historically, tinctures, teas, and ointments have also been common preparations. In traditional medicine of India in particular (Sativahas been used as hallucinogenic, hypnotic, sedative, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory agent(maiston et al 2007).
Globally, (sativa is considered to be a narcotic and therefore illegal for selling, buying or consumption but there is a gradual change to how the plant is perceived with the Netherland and Uruguay legalizing its use while some state in the United State of American determinalizing it (Aldrich, 2005).
JUSTIFICATION
Pain is an unpleasant sensation often associated with disease and or injury. The use of orthodox medicine for example pentazocine in managing pain is associated with some problems such as dizziness, nausea, impaired breathing, stomach upset, itching and rashes.
Orthodox method of treatment is more expensive, less accessible to the majority of Local people and less acceptable to the body in contract to additional method (Sofowora, 2008).
It is there for imperative to investigate on the analgesic activities of methanol extract of marejuanna leave on acetic acid induced writing in mice.
1.3 AIM
The aim of the research is to determine the analgesic activity of cannabis sativa leaves
1.4 OBJECTIVES
- To determine the phytochemical in the leave extract of Marijuana leaves (Cannabis Sativa)
- To determine the LD50 of the leave extract of marijuana leaves (Cannabis Sativa)
- To determine the analgesic activity of the leaves extract of marijuana leaves. (Cannabis Sativa)
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